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Explain the disadvantages of file oriented approach?
In the oriented approach Applications are designed in isolation. Design of application is optimized for one application. Independently established applications lead to data redundancy. Wasted storage space because of redundancy.
a. There is loss of data integrity since integrity checking is not automated.b. Difficulty in accessing data.c. Information is available only in reports.d. Data Isolation.e. Inadequate securityf. Limited Flexibilityg. High Maintenance cost.h. Each data file of an application is a separate entity.
DROP TABLE Command: When an existing object is not needed for further use, it is always better to eliminate it from the database. To remove the existing object from the databas
Find out the names of all employees who work for first Bank Corporation from database. SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME FROM WORKS WHERE COMPANYNAME = ‘First Bank Corporation';
One-way Associations If an association is only traversed in single direction, then it is known as one-way association. It is implemented as a pointer or an attribute which con
What is Cardinality Ratio? Cardinality Ratios - The cardinality ratios for relationship kinds specifies the maximum number of relationship instances in which an entity can pa
Explain how you can define an object model of a system. A list of terms that shall be used by end users to describe state and behaviour of objects in system. Different use
Describe a technique for direct search? Explain how data is stored within a file so which direct searching can be performed. For a file of unordered fixed length records by u
Benefits of Hashed file Organisation 1. Insertion or search on hash-key is quick. 2. Best if equality search is required on hash-key. Drawbacks of Hashed file
What is vertical fragmentation? Vertical fragmentation divides the relation by decomposing the scheme R of relation r.
Explain Foreign Key? Foreign Key - Let there are two relations (tables) R and S. Any candidate key of the relation R that is referred within the relation S is known as the fo
Security: Data not needed by local applications is not stored at the site, therefore no unnecessary security violations may exist. But how can we carry out fragmentation? Fragm
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