Evaporative cooling, Biology

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Evaporative Cooling 

Birds have a dry and insulated skin with no integumentary organs to increase cooling by vaporisation. However, evaporative cooling occurs in birds through buccal and respiratory surfaces. The four major mechanisms of actively enhancing evaporative cooling that are known to be employed by birds and mammals are:

  • Sweating
  • Panting
  • Gular fluttering
  • Saliva spreading

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