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The body effect explains the changes in the threshold voltage through the change in the source-bulk voltage, approximated by the subsequent equation:
In which VTN is the threshold voltage with substrate bias present, and VTO is the zero-VSB value of threshold voltage, γ is the body effect parameter, and 2φ is the surface potential parameter.
Figure: Ohmic contact to body to ensure no body bias; top left: sub threshold, top right: Ohmic mode, bottom left: Active mode at onset of pinch-off, bottom right: Active mode well into pinch-off - channel length modulation evident
The body can be functioned as a second gate, and is sometimes considered to as the "back gate"; the body effect is sometimes known as the "back-gate effect".
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