Reference no: EM131373483

1. In the definition of psychology, what does the term mental processes refers to?

internal, covert processes

outward behavior

overt actions and reactions

internal, feelings

only animal behavior

2. A researcher wished to study the relationship between high school grades and college grades. Of the following research methods, which would be the most appropriate?

experiment

correlation

survey

case study

observation

3. Which of the following is a strength of experiments?

They allow for the establishment of cause-effect relationships.

They are not subject to demand characteristics since the subjects do not know they are being observed.

They allow us to draw definitive conclusions about behavior in the natural environment based on subjects' behavior in the laboratory.

They cannot be repealed by any person other than the scientist.

They cannot be repeated by anyone other than the experimenter.

4. "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ______________ .

introspection

functionalism

psychoanalysis

structuralism

gestaltism

5. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would be most likely to study this phenomenon?

gestalt

behavioral

humanistic

developmental

psychodynamic

6. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

free will

brain physiology

unconscious mind

ego

external consequences

7. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a _________________ in this cross cultural study.

Eurocentric perspective

egocentric perspective

culture perspective

European perspective

sociocultural perspective

8. Darley and Latané(1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to _________________.

diffusion of anonymity

diffusion of confirmation

diffusion of responsibility

flaws in laws protecting good samaritans

timeliness of onset

9. Dr. Ring studies inquiries about a person's behavior from a approach that focuses on physical processes and chemicals, such as hormones, linked with behavior. It is most likely that he uses which approach to psychological research?

biopsychological

learning

cognitive

sociocultural

naturalistic

10. Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful function in preserving the species?

psychoanalysis

behaviorism

cognitive psychology

humanistic psychology

evolutionary psychology

11. Dr. Hogberg has diagnosed a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. He choses to give a prescription for Aderall. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Hogberg is a _________________.

psychiatrist

psychologist

humanistic psychologist

IO Psychologist

school psychologist

12. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often "fails to generalize." Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion?

correlation

case study

experiment

surveys

anonymous questionnaire

13. In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's" ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called ________________________.

a case study

form study

a representative sample

a single-blind study

a naturalistic observation

14. The greatest disadvantage of correlational research is __________________.

it has limited range of values, being only -1 to +1

it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusion

its value can be negative

its value can be zero

its value can be positive

15. A correlation is a numerical measure of the __________________.

unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter.

strength of the relationship between two variables.

behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time.

behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time.

behaviors of participants of all ages compared at a given time.

16. Researchers must report their results completely whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Complete reporting is necessary for the purpose of ______________.

educational knowledge

replication

finding a better way to support the hypothesis

publication

dissertation

17. Which of the following is an empirical question?

Would Martin Luther King, Jr., have been a good president?

What is the meaning of life?

Was the Civil War necessary?

Was the Revolutionary War necessary?

Is there life on other planets?

18. A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told then that as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone. In this study, the group that was NOT frightened would be called the ______________ group.

experimental

control

placebo

graded

test

19. In order to stop experimental subjects from trying to confirm the scientist's hypothesis, psychologist sometimes ___________.

obtain written promises from participants to be honest

maintain subject confidentiality

maintain participant confidentiality

deceive participants about the true purpose of the experiment

allow people to chose when they want to leave the study

20. A psychologist who describes actions in conditions of unconscious motivations and conflicts is using a(n) ___________________ perspective.

evolutionary

psychodynamic

behavioral

spiritual

medical

21. The part of the brain most people think of when they talk about the brain is the ________.

Broca's area

cerebral cortex

amygdala

pons

brain stem

22. Endorphins are found where neurons meet skeletal muscles.

are antagonist that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites

are radically different in function from neurotransmitters

are less powerful than enkaphalins

are used by the brain to help increase concentration

reduce pain messages in the brain

23. The amount of stimulation needed to activate a neural impulse is called the

insight

threshold

polarization

synapse

potentiation

24. The endocrine system is made up of

glands which release hormones into the bloodstream

neurons which transmit electrically charged messages

special centers which control our language functions

none of the above

all of the above

25. Afferent neurons are vital to the functioning of the_____________.

limbic system

reticular activation system

peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

somatic nervous system

26. Our brain contains nerves and ________.

ganglia

synapse

neurons

none of the above

all of the above

27. The brain's "relay station" is the ________.

medulla

hypothalamus

pons

hippocampus

thalamus

28. Lila sustained injuries to the medulla. What is most likely the result of this injury?

paralysis

coma

aphasia

loss of vision

death

29. Glial cells:

control heartbeat and breathing

mimic the effects of neurotransmitters

provide nutrients to interneurons

stimulate the production of hormones

communicate between motor and sensory neurons

30. The lobe of the brain that allows you to hear the birds chirping outside is the ________ lobe.

occipital

temporal

frontal

parietal

association

31. When the sympathetic nervous system assumes control of the involuntary bodily processes during a stressful situation, which of the following changes is likely to occur?

sweat glands are less active

digestion stops

less blood is pumped to muscles

air passages become smaller

eyes dialate

32. Five-year old Bentley suffered injury to the speech production location in his brain's left hemisphere when he fell off of his bike. Research suggests that:

Bentley will never walk again.

Bentley motor abilities may improve so that he can use sign language.

Bentley's right hemisphere may take over much of the language function.

Bentley's speech will not be affected.

Bentley's speech development will stop.

33. A split-brain patient has a picture of a flower flashed to his left hemisphere and that of a spoon to her right hemisphere. She will be able to:

identify the spoon using his left hand

identify the flower using his left hand

identify the flower using either hand

identify the spoon using either hand

identify neither the spoon or the flower

34. Which part of the brain can be thought of as a major switching station that directs incoming information to the correct brain structure?

thalamus

cerebellum

reticular activating system

midbrain

hindbrain

35. Sophia is always hungry. After visiting the pediatrician, her mother was told that her _________ was producing too much insulin, causing low blood sugar.

pituitary gland

adrenal gland

ovaries

thyroid gland

pancreas

36. The ovaries in females are like the _______ in males:

testes

pancreas

pineal glands

adrenal glands

pituitary gland

37. Corey was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. She now has difficulty with her hearing and her memory. The part of her brain most likely injured was her ________.

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

frontal lobe

auditory lobe

temporal lobe

38. Kinds of neurons are connected to receptor cells in the skin, muscles, and joints?

motor neurons

sensory neurons

interneurons

peripheral neurons

afferent neurons

39. The benefits of a brain's plasticity are easily seen in:

children who have portions of their damaged brain surgically removed

veterans paralyzed by a severed spinal cord

children with aphasia

people able to speak multiple languages

people without brain damage

40. When Helena was 3 years old, a traumatic brain injury required the removal of her right cerebral hemisphere. Now, Helena is a healthly high school senior who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of:

aphasia

reuptake

EEGs

neurotransmitters

plasticity

41. ________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs.

Perceptions

Emotions

Sensations

Cognitions

Sublimations

42. The principle that the just noticeable difference of any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulus being judged is called ________.

the doctrine of specific nerve energies

Weber's law

the opponent-process principle

the phi phenomenon

the principle of threshold

43. We can see a candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night, and we can hear the tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room. These two facts are examples of ________.

sensory adaptation

adaptation

just noticeable difference

absolute thresholds

difference threshold

44. In the process known as ________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

sensation

sensory adaptation

discrimination

sensory fatigue

perception

45. Erin has learned to create a "truly red" light by focusing on only one wavelength of the visible spectrum. She is most likely to be concerned with which property of light?

intensity

accommodation

black and white; color

saturation

decibels

46. Why do you see a lemon as yellow?

Opposing processing between the visual cortex and auditory cortex.

The lemon absorbs red and blue wavelengths.

The lemon might reflect only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.

The lemon absorbs yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.

The lemon distracts all of the other colors in the spectrum.

47. Which of the following is true of rods?

They respond to color.

They are responsible for night vision.

They are found mainly in the fovea.

They operate mainly in the daytime.

The operate mainly in the indoors.

48. Which of the following describes what happens if you trace an auditory stimulus from the time it first reaches the ear until it arrives at the brain?

The outer ear (pinna) gathers sound waves and funnels them down the auditory canal striking the eardrum.

The auditory cones respond to the various tonal frequencies, which lead the auditory nerve to send a message to the brain.

The basilar membrane causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate striking the oval window.

The auditory nerve joins with the nasal nerve to produce an input to the olfactory lobe.

The auditory nerve separates with basilar membrane to produce sound waves.

49. On the day Leslie is to present his oral presentation, he wakes up with a painful strained back muscle. During the presentation, he felt no pain in his back. Not until 20 minutes after the presentation is over does Leslie become aware of his strained back again. Leslie's occurrence is best explained by:

gate-control theory

frequency theory

opponent-process theory

trichromatic theory

pain theory

50. The vestibular senses are concerned with ________.

touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

movement and body position

the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other

your location as compared to the position of the sun

your body position and sense of direction

51. When Bill looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates ________.

binocular disparity

interposition

dimension perception

the Gestalt principle of proximity

the Gestalt principle of similarity

52. The Muller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are ________.

more men than women

lots of telephone poles

buildings with lots of corners

more women than men

more men than women

53. People's tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called ________.

bottom-up processing

perceptual expectancy

telepathy

top-down processing

perceptual constancy

54. Our body's cycle that occurs over a 24-hour period is known as:

seasonal rhythm

nightly rhythm

day rhythm

annual cycle

circadian rhythm

55. Some people believe that ________ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages.

below threshold perceptions

inductive perceptions

subliminal stimuli

paradoxical sleep

selective perceptions

56. When you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily, but after a while, you forget that you are wearing a hat at all he sensation is gone. What happens?

perceptual defense

habituation

subliminal perception

sensory fatigue

sensation perception

57. Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light?

timbre

pitch

purity

volume

wavelength

58. Which of the following conditions would you LEAST like the pilot flying your airplane to have?

daytime insomnia

sleep terror

enuresis

sleepwalking

narcolepsy

59. Ward notices that as his supply of marijuana decreases he starts thinking more and more about where he can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

physiological dependence

withdrawal

psychological dependence

independence

60. Which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis can NOT do?

Hypnosis cannot give a person superhuman strength.

Hypnosis cannot create amnesia.

Hypnosis cannot alter sensory perceptions.

Hypnosis cannot relieve pain.

Hypnosis cannot relieve tension.

61. In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

cohort

behavior genetics

cross-sectional

cross-sequential

longitudinal

62. Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

cohort design

longitudinal design

behavior genetics design

cross-sectional design

cross-sequential design

63. Dr. Bartholomew believes people who are very hostile have become so because of their environment. Dr. Tiburon believes people's level of hostility is from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

cognition versus emotion

classical versus operant conditioning

genetics versus socialization

cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

nature versus nurture

64. Liam and Lochlan are identical twins. Liam was raised by his father and mother, and Lochlan was accidentally placed with another family after the confusion of an earthquake that hit their town. At the age of 13, both boys "ran into each other" at a soccer game and noticed how they appeared to look exactly alike. After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Liam is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Lochlan is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

nurture

nature

family rules

teacher appraisals of performance

intelligence enhancing medications

65. Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits, according to ______________, as described in the _____________________.

nurture; nature versus nurture controversy

nature; nature versus nurture controversy

environmental factors; conception theory

teratogens; conception theory

environmental factors; teratogens

66. What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person's actions?

psychobiology

neuropsychology

psychoanalysis

physiology

behavioral genetics

67. Shandreka is at a place in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. the major organs of her child are developing. Which prenatal development stage is Shandreka in?

fetal

embryonic

placental

fertilization

umbilical

68. Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect?

teratogen

critical period

carcinogen

biohazard

congenital malformation

69. At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother's milk scent and another woman's milk scent?

at birth

within a few days after birth

within a few weeks after birth

within a few months after birth

within a year after birth

70. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.

high pitches and low pitches

hip-hop music

moderate voice pitches

rock and roll music

classical music

71. What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?

the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies

aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment

parental discipline styles in the first year of life

the distinction between separation and stranger anxiety

the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

72. Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants __________.

do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return

protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns

cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns

are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return

are not concerned upon separation and do not respond to her return

73. Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?

the growth of the testes and penis

the appearance of pubic hair

the appearance of underarm hair

higher pitch of the voice

the appearance of a beard

74. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to ______.

extroverted behavior

a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought

introspection and egocentrism

thinking in terms of concrete things

thinking more about others than themselves

75. The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called ______.

the climacteric

perimenopause

menopause

postmenopause

andropause

76. The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called ____________.

menopause

perimenopause

male menopause

change of life

andropause

77. Which is NOT a potential cause of ADHD according to the research?

teratogens

prematurity

high level of lead in the body

prefrontal brain damage

restlessness

78. Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones, according to research?

sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over

crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support

raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking

rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest

rolling over, raising head and chest, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking

79. Dr. Henry studies the responses of young toddlers who are separated from their primary caregivers for a brief period of time while in an strange environment. It is most likely that Dr. Henry is conducting a study on:

attachment

mother-daughter relationships

milestones

cognitive development

gender identity

80. Lindsey, a 21 year old drug addict, is pregnant. Her baby will mostly likely be born:

schizophrenic

addicted to drugs

visually impaired

disabled

hyperactive

81. Kohlberg believed that the level morality based on the avoiding punishment and the gaining of rewards represents a(n) ____________ morality.

conventional

preconventional

concrete operational

postconventional

sensorimotor

82. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of:

instrumental learning

classical conditioning

habituation

observational learning

operant conditioning

83. Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.

habituation

learning

conservation

maturation

growth cycles

84. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

presence of Alan near the aquarium

aquarium light

fish swimming to the top

water temperature

fish food

85. Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a:

positive reinforcer

conditioned response

secondary reinforcer

primary reinforcer

unconditioned response

86. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called:

spontaneous recovery

instinctive drift

counterconditioning

stimulus discrimination

spontaneous extinction

87. Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?

Watson

Thorndike

Skinner

Pavlov

Rescorola

88. Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?

a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior

a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior

a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior

a cat running to its food bowl after hearing the can opener open a jar of food.

a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented

89. Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to:

dogs

pigeons

rabbits

slugs

cats

90. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

food

sex

a gold star

water

cupcake

91. Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment?

Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety.

The effect of punishment is often temporary.

Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement.

All of these statements are true.

Some of these statements are true.

92. Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle's door being open was a ________ for ________.

discriminative stimulus; asking questions

discriminative response; not asking questions

discriminative response; asking questions

discriminative stimulus; not asking questions

extinction stimulus; asking questions

93. A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of:

behavior modification

primary reinforcement

classical conditioning

instinctive drift

negative reinforcement

94. In order to get her 2nd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) ________ to modify the children's behaviors.

applied behavior analysis

negative reinforcement

token economy

classical conditioning.

aversive conditioning

95. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used with autistic children. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is:

shaping

negative punishment

partial reinforcement

classical conditioning

aversive conditioning

96. Which of the following is true of research on insight?

Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.

Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning.

Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning.

None of these are true.

97. A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of:

aversive conditioning

vicarious learning

learned helplessness

avoidance learning

reinforcement

98. College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to:

contingency blocking

latent learning

response generalization

reinforcement

learned helplessness

99. Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

insight learning

learned helplessness

observational learning

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

100. Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?

Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having.

Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.

None of these will predict Michael's relationships when her is older.