Reference no: EM131373454

1. The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called __________.

personality

nurture

a trait

nature

character

2. Personality can be defined as:

an unpredictable set of responses to our environment.

a predictable set of responses to our surrounding environment.

the beliefs of an individual.

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

an individual's set of personal attitudes.

3. Charise and Noreen were having a conversation about men. "You know," Noreen said, "I think my husband tries to annoy me! Even though he tries to do what I ask, I think that subconsciously he really enjoys ticking me off to see the reactions he'll get. Freud must have been right!" Charise, who has just studied personality psychology in school, corrects Noreen by saying which of the following?

"You're probably right, Noreen. Freud was really into subconscious motives."

"Freud's theory has absolutely no validity in the modern times, Noreen. Stop analyzing your husband!"

"Freud really didn't address the psychological functioning of men, Noreen, only women."

"Freud's focus on the cognitive functioning of men would not support your theory, Noreen."

"Well, Noreen, there really is no 'subconscious' in Freud's theory!"

4. According to Freud, the unconscious is:

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are unaware.

part of personality that does not affect behavior.

a set of universal concepts acquired by humans from our past.

a center of deeply repressed memories that has no impact on behavior.

all of the above

5. The conscious mind can be compared to ______________.

a deep cave

long-term memory

short-term memory

forgetting

an iceberg

6. Which of Freud's levels of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness?

conscious level

unconscious level

preconscious level

postconscious level

manifest level

7. "What did you have for dinner last night?" According to Freud, before you were asked that question, the information was stored in your:

unconscious.

conscious.

preconcious.

collective unconscious.

postconscious.

8. For Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the ______ mind.

unconscious

preconscious

collective unconscious

conscious

postconscious

9. Fabian wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his repulsion for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Fabian's __________ may allow him to partially satisfy both desires.

id

ego

superego

collective unconscious

ego ideal

10. In Sigmund Freud's theory, the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.

id

ego

thanatos

superego

ego ideal

11. Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say _________.

"Thou shalt not kill."

"I'm going to create an action plan!"

"What, me angry? I never get angry!"

"I'm going to leave this game right now!"

"I'm so angry I could kill that player!"

12. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, rationality as well as logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by our ______.

pleasure principle

superego

id

ego

preconscious

13. The ______ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in the external world.

personal unconscious

collective unconscious

superego

persona

ego

14. When eighteen year old Aaron received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase a sports car. Aaron decided, instead, to deposit his inheritance into an investment account for his college education. Aaron demonstrates a:

weak id.

strong id.

strong ego.

strong external locus of control.

weak internal locus of control.

15. According to the psychoanalytical perspective of personality, the ______ is responsible for acting on the "reality principle."

superego

id

ego

subconscious

preconscious

16. In Freud's personality theory, the ________ are in conflict and the _______ must mediate between them.

ego and superego; id

id and ego; superego

ego and superego; conscience

id and conscience; superego

id and superego; ego

17. According to Freud, the id derives pleasure from distinct ___________ during the early psychosexual stages of development.

defense mechanisms

erogenous zones

identifications

self concepts

identities

18. What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage?

We could become fixated at that stage.

We would revert to our biological predispositions.

We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood.

We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance.

We could become overly dependent on the id for future guidance.

19. After hearing his parents argue, 4-year-old Drew had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being killed by a dragon. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Drew's dream reflects a(n):

external locus of control.

self-serving bias.

rationalization.

Oedipus complex.

oral fixation.

20. Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

oral

anal

phallic

latency

genital

21. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:

id, ego, and superego to solve conflicts.

superego to prevent aggressive drives and impulses.

ego to prevent threatening impulses and drives from being consciously recognized.

id to defend against guilty feelings produced by the superego.

ego to defend against guilty feelings produced by the superego and id.

22. According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the ______.

anal stage

genital stage

oral stage

latency stage

phallic stage

23. While Dr. Mitchell was going through a painful divorce, she tended to create unnecessarily difficult exams and gave students low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of:

regression.

repression.

projection.

displacement.

reaction formation.

24. Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept?

superego

Oedipus complex

sublimation

regression

the Electra complex

25. Jill is an 8-year-old girl who is having a birthday party. According to Freud, since Jill is in the latency period, whom would you expect to be at her party?

mostly girls

mostly boys

mostly male parents who look like her father

mostly female parents who look like her mother

mostly parents

26. Zane, the most aggressive child in school, mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. According to the psychoanalytic theory, Zane's belief is a:

regression.

repression.

reaction formation.

projection.

sublimation.

27. Carl Jung's term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious was the _____________.

personal unconscious

archetype

collective unconscious

animus

animas

28. The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ______.

schemas

paradigms

prototypes

instincts

archetypes

29. Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it:

offers few testable predictions that allow one to determine its validity.

is reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests.

is contradicted by research demonstrating the human's ability for destruction.

underestimates the importance of biological influences in personality development.

none of the above.

30. Which defense mechanism was a prominent part in both Adler's and Horney's theories?

compensation

rationalization

suppression

intellectualization

repression

31. Because Mrs. Johnston trusts her employees, she treats them very kindly. Her kindness leads them to work diligently on her behalf, which in turn increases her trust in them. According to Bandura, this pattern of trust, kindness, and increasing trust illustrates:

internal locus of control

external locus of control

the spot light effect

learned helplessness

reciprocal determinism

32. A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist.

psychodynamic

social cognitive

psychoanalytic

trait

humanistic

33. Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as __________.

self-efficacy

locus of control

phenomenology

self-actualization

reciprocal determinism

34. Bristol believes that the questions on her college exams are unrelated to the course work so therefore, studying is useless. Bristol's belief most clearly illustrates:

displacement

reaction formation

sublimation

reciprocal determinism

an external locus of control

35. Lisa fails to recognize the connection between her unsafe drug use and the likelihood of being arrested. Lisa's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of:

the spotlight effect

an external locus of control

unconditioned positive regard

displacement

rationalization

36. Gracie believes that she will be highly successful in college if she works hard and carefully manages her time in her senior year of high school. Her belief best illustrates:

personal freedom

self-actualization

reaction formation

reciprocal determinism

internal locus of control

37. One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is ________________.

the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not

that the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist

the psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients and the social cognitive view does not

the social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view

the social cognitive view relies more on unconscious processes than the psychoanalytic view

38. After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a work-camp in Dafur, Mr. Lamar became apathetic and gave up all efforts to survive. Mr. Lamar's reaction most clearly illustrates:

repression.

regression.

an inferiority complex.

learned helplessness.

an internal locus of control.

39. The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:

reciprocal determinism.

self-determination.

free association.

locus of control.

genetics.

40. Mrs. Terry believes that parents should accept and try to understand their child's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their child. Mrs. Terry's parenting approach is closely aligned with:

Freud

Bandura

Rotter..

Rogers

Allport

41. According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when _______.

a person has low self-esteem

there is matching between the real self and ideal self

there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self

the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard

has a poor sense of self-efficacy

42. Carl Rogers believed our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics are known as:

self-regard.

personality.

self-concept.

self-efficacy.

internal locus of control.

43. Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed ___________.

unconditional self-worth

unconditional esteem

conditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

conditional self-worth

44. According to Rogers, which of the following people is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?

someone with a strongly developed superego

someone with an extraverted personality

someone brought up with conditional positive regard

someone brought up with unconditional positive regard

someone with a strong sense of self-efficacy

45. The humanistic perspective has been criticized for:

underestimating the inherent human capacity for evil behaviors.

overestimating the effect of an external locus of control.

overestimating the degree of similarity among the human race.

underestimating the inconsistency of human behavior from one situation to another.

overestimating the impact of childhood experiences on personality.

46. Trait theorists are more focused on _______ personality rather than ______ it.

interpreting; observing

interpreting; analyzing

describing; explaining

predicting; assessing

predicting; changing

47. Which one of the goals of psychology would be most relevant in the trait perspective?

description

explanation

maintenance

control

changing

48. Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor model, also known as the Big Five?

Cattell and Allport

Jung and Horney

Erikson and Rogers

Maslow and Bandura

Costa and McCrae

49. What are the Big Five personality traits?

conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance

neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

efficacy, regard, extraversion, identification, and conscientiousness

50. According to the Big Five trait dimensions, _____________ is most closely related to one's level of creativity.

openness

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

51. An investigation of students' housing preferences would probably show that single rooms are preferred by _______, whereas suites are preferred by _______.

extraverts; introverts

introverts; extraverts

good students; poor students

poor students; good students

female students; male students

52. Paul is considered to be warm, friendly, and considerate. He loves to tell jokes at soccer practice and is always a team player. On which of the two Big Five traits, would Paul be expected to obtain a high scores?

conscientiousness and extraversion

openness and neuroticism

extraversion and neuroticism

openness and conscientiousness

agreeableness and extraversion

53. Travis is a participant in the x-games every year, which features events that are high flying and exhilarating to watch or participate in, but also very dangerous to the competitors. Because Travis is willing to take chances with his health to get the adrenaline rush from these sorts of events, Cost and McCrae would argue that he ranks high on which of the five factors?

openness

neuroticism

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

54. A teacher who consistently makes up excuses to his administrator about why his lesson plans are not completed forgets to include responsibility as a character quality in his lecture on character building. The teacher's behavior reflects which of the following defense mechanisms?

Rationalization

Sublimation

Repression

Regression

Displacement

55. Which of the following would not be a trait found to have a genetic predisposition in identical twins?

intelligence

aggressiveness

empathy

antagonism

assertiveness

56. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as ______ interviews.

structured

global

wide-focus

closed-end

unstructured

57. Mr. Kocin was asked by this psychotherapist to look at a few ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Kocin was most likely taking the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

MMPI.

Rorschach test.

TAT.

Personality Inventory.

58. The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting is called the _____________.

bias effect

interview bias

severity effect

subject bias effect

halo effect

59. One major reason for the unreliability of the Rorschach inkblot test or other projective tests is the fact that:

the test can only be used effectively with severely maladjusted individuals.

the test cannot discriminate between those who may have suicidal and those who just suffer depression.

the test does not allow for a truthful conversation between patient and therapist.

psychologists often do not agree on how to score the results of the test.

the test does not take perceptions of patients into account.

60. Frank and Gina are looking at an abstract painting in a museum. Gina describes objects and people she thinks she sees in the painting. Frank says, "It's a bunch of paint thrown on a canvas." Gina responds, "No, there is so much here that you just don't see." During lunch they agree that their experience reminds them of what concept they learned in introductory psychology?

social cognition

trait theory

projective testing

the Big Five

objective testing

61. The technique of assessing personality by asking a person to make up a story based on a picture presented by the researcher is an example of which of the following types of tests?

personality inventory

projective

sublimation

individualism

trait/type

62. Teresa is taking a personality test that involves her describing random patterns of dots. Teresa is taking which type of personality test?

the MMPI

the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

a projective test

Factor analysis

a personality inventory

63. Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?

MMPI

16PF

TAT

NEO-PI

Rorschach

64. Raymond Cattell divided traits into which two categories?

common traits and rare traits

common traits and special traits

disposition traits and behavior traits

surface traits and source traits

single traits and cluster traits

65. What is one criticism of projective tests?

They are inappropriate for use with children.

They are too simple in their administration and scoring.

They have low validity and reliability.

They fail to take into account differences in the testing environments.

They have interpretive categories that are too narrow.

66. The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is an example of a _________ personality test.

projective

objective

subjective

creative

strategic

67. An assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior(s) that is/are listed on the assessment is called a ____________.

rating scale

frequency count

projective test

interview

count

68. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of which type of personality test?

objective

subjective

strategic

projective

deviant

69. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists rely primarily on ____________.

projective tests

direct observation

detailed analysis of dreams

interviews

hypothetical situations

70. What is the MMPI?

a self-report personality inventory

a test designed for people with a psychological disorder

an objective personality test

all of the above

none of the above

71. Probably the biggest problem with personality assessments by behaviorists is the _______.

observer effect

subject bias

experimenter bias

test bias

test anxiety

72. Which of the following is an example of a projective test, consisting of a set of ambiguous pictures about which people are asked to tell a story?

Rorschach

NEO-PI

16 PF

TAT

MMPI

73. The most commonly used personality assessments are:

projective tests

observations

structured interviews

self-report inventories

behavior assessments

74. Which personality test classifies people in terms of the personality dimensions highlighted by Carl Jung?

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

MMPI

Rorschach inkblot test

TAT

Locus of Control Scale

75. As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields information about abnormal personalities.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (WAIS)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

California Personality Inventory (CPI)

76. A "lie scale" or validity scale that assesses the extent in which a person is faking to make a good impression is included in the:

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Rorschach inkblot test

TAT

MMPI

Locus of Control Scale

77. What is one purpose of the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

to assess levels of current stressors.

to check the appropriateness of a particular diagnosis.

to detect tendencies of test takers to present themselves in a favorable light.

to distinguish items that incorrectly diagnose from those that correctly diagnose an individual.

to predict the examinee's response to intervention.

78. The ________ classifies people's personality according to Carl Jung's personality types.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

TAT

MMPI

Locus of Control Scale

Kagan Temperament Scale

79. While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Vince notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. He asks his daughter, who is a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is his daughter likely to say?

Truly psychotic individuals expect to find "strange" items on tests.

Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people.

Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to "fake" the test by not reading.

The MMPI contains a number of experimental items that are used in developing future versions of the test.

These items correspond to items on other tests so that scores on different tests can be compared.

80. In studying personality, Mr. Palinato, a trait theorist, would most likely:

use a projective test.

observe a person in a variety of life situations.

use free association.

use factor analysis.

use a personality inventory.

81. Individuals who accept personal responsibility for their life experiences and goals may be characterized as having:

an introverted personality

a pessimistic view of reality

an internal locus of control

an external locus of control

unrealistic expectations

82. Which of the following reflects the inborn and stable qualities of personality, such as excitability?

accommodation

imprinting

individuation

social learning

temperament

83. In studying personality, Mr. Beck, a social-cognitive theorist, would most likely make use of:

factor analyses.

projective tests.

personality inventories.

multiple-choice tests.

observing behavior in different situations.

84. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n):

personality test used to assess locus of control.

personality test used to assess the Big 5.

empirically derived and objective personality test.

personality test developed to assess job applicants.

projective personality test.

85. A psychologist at a community college administered an empirically derived personality test to diagnose an emotionally troubled student. Which test did the psychologist most likely administer?

the Rorschach

the TAT

the DMVD

the MMPI

the locus of control life test

86. What is an advantage of projective personality tests?

They are not transparent to the subject.

They are very reliable.

Different people would score the same way.

They have lie scales that indicate when the subject is being deceptive.

All of the above.

87. A Humanistic psychologist wishes to assess the personality in Keyundra. They decide to meet with Keyundra and ask her to describe herself and how she would ideally see herself. This method to assess Keyundra's personality is known as:

a personality inventory

a projective test

a personality interview

factor analysis

a TAT

88. Personality inventories are often used to assess individual in which of the following personality approaches?

Social-cognitive

Humanistic

Psychodynamic

Behavioral

Trait

89. What must a person have in order to overcome a sense of helplessness that is associated with the repeated occurrence of negative events?

personal control

learned helplessness

introspection

reciprocal determinism

external locus of control

90. Jacob had the desire and potential to be a pianist but became, instead, a trader in commodities. He decided never to touch the piano again. According to Maslow, what is going on with Jacob?

He suffers from incontinence.

He suffers from Womb Envy.

He has an inferiority complex.

He has an internal locus of control.

He has not achieved self-actualization.

91. According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of:

self efficacy

insight

self-monitoring skills

social responsibility

self-esteem

92. Although David seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. David agrees to speak with a psychologist, who after taking a personality inventory, suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of personality?

Psychoanalytic

Humanistic

Social-cognitive

Behavioral

Trait

93. Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and self-accepting person. Maslow may say that Andrew's grandfather:

has an internal locus of control.

is an extravert.

has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages.

is a self-actualized person.

all of the above.

94. Bandura believes that the most well-adjusted people have a strong sense of _________, a sense of competence in managing one's life, and mastery in achieving pone's personal goals.

self-esteem

self-efficacy

self-loathing

self-importance

external locus of control

95. Aiden's substandard academic performance is both a cause and result of his feelings of academic inferiority. Aiden's situation best illustrates the importance of:

reciprocal determinism

internal locus of control

defense mechanisms

self-serving bias

the spotlight effect

96. Having an attitude of learned helplessness is most likely to promote:

an internal locus of control

unconditional positive regard

pessimism

optimism

self-actualization

97. Individuals with a high self-esteem are more likely to ___________ than those with a low self-esteem.

associate with people who share the same attitudes as them

question their beliefs

dismiss positive and flattering descriptions of themselves

experience an external locus of control

have a strong ego

98. For her class presentation, Amanda intends to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe themselves. Which of the following factors will Amanda not discuss in her presentation?

openness

conscientiousness

independence

extraversion

agreeableness

99. Mitchell, a college freshman, is not very consistent with showing up for class and turning in his assignments when they are due. Research studies would suggest that Mitchell's inconsistent behavior:

is not necessarily unusual.

is a sign of learned helplessness.

indicates he is emotionally withdrawn and troubled.

reflects a problem in another area of his life.

is a sign of an overactive id.

100. Which of the following concepts did Carl Jung originate?

id

superego

castration anxiety

introversion-extraversion

inferiority complex