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When trade does occur across national boundaries there are many types of financial transactions that take place. These transactions are recorded in a summary called the balance of payments which generally consists of a current account and a capital account. Each transaction recorded in the balance of payments requires an exchange of currencies. The demand and supply of a nation's currency in the international exchange rate market determines the rate of exchange or value of that nation's currency. Exchange rate refers to the number of units of one currency that equals one unit of another nation’s currency. A currency depreciation refers to a fall in the price of one currency relative to another, while an appreciation refers to a rise in the price of one currency relative to another. Just as with any other item traded in a market, changes in demand and supply cause changes in its value. An appreciation or an increase in the value of the dollar will create a balance of trade deficit - imports will exceed exports. Similarly, a depreciation or a decrease in the value of the dollar will create a balance of trade surplus - exports will exceed imports. Changes in a nation's imports and exports will affect its total spending and therefore its GDP, employment, and income levels. Also, in a nation runs a trade deficit it is able to consume more than it is currently producing. Although this has its advantages, the drawback is that the country will have to sell off assets to foreigners to sustain their trade deficits over time. Any future income from these assets will now be received by foreigners. Note: An expansion in relative U.S. income causes a depreciation of the dollar; a rise in a trading in a trading partner’s relative price level causes the dollar to appreciate; when the dollar is weak, or depreciates, U.S. goods and services cost foreign consumers less, so they buy more U.S. exports. At the same time, a weak dollar means foreign goods and services cost U.S. consumers more, so, they buy fewer imports; when the dollar is strong, or appreciates, U.S. goods and services cost foreign consumers more, so, they buy fewer U.S. exports. At the same time, a strong dollar means foreign goods and services cost U.S. consumers less, so they buy more foreign imports.
Marching shop was ordering weekly demand for bolts and nuts 240 units. Ordering cost $50 per unit per year, Bolt and Nuts unit cost $15 and annual carrying charge is 20% No. of Assume 52 weeks per year and lead time is 1 week find reorder number of u..
CRH has established a commercial paper program in the United States, allowing it to issue up to $1bn of debt. The Dublin-based building materials group has said that it may use the programme to issue unsecured short-term promissory notes in the priva..
If Starbucks demand and supplies for premium coffee (one-pound bag) are in equilibrium and demand rises substantially. Illustrate what will happen if this market moves to new equilibrium.
The R&D and development costs for the new drug were $1.2B. Variable costs are estimated at $25 per pill and allocated fixed costs are estimated to be $8 million per year. For pricing let’s assume that the average channel margins based on retail price..
What is the Bretton Woods system? Why was it created and why did it collapse? How has this collapse ushered in more volatile exchange rate and frequent financial crises?
What is now the effect on gold consumption and mining of an increased use of gold as money.
Consider the microenvironment facing a large, international airline headquartered in US (American or United Airlines) give 2 examples of important trends or events from each of 5 segments of airlines microenvironment ( macroeconomic, technological, d..
In a monopolistically competitive market, the government applies a specific tax of $1 per unit of output. What happens to the profit of a typical firm in this market? Does the number of firms in the market rise or fall? Why?
Most goods can yield. Which of the following is not a determinant of the price elasticity of demand?
Using diagrams show what changes in price and quantity would be expected in the following markets under the scenarios given: Crude oil: As petroleum reserves decrease, it becomes more difficult to find and recover crude oil. Hotel rooms in Hawaii: Wo..
The rate of annual deflation as applied to each box of kitchen gadgets over the remaining four-year period below which your venture will become unprofitable. Explain how you determined the rate
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