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Early in development, most human cells turn off expression of an essential component of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for addition of telomere repeat sequences (5' TTAGGG 3') to the ends of chromosomes. Thus, as our cells proliferate, their telomeres get shorter and shorter, but are normally lost over the course of a lifetime. If cells are removed from the body and grown in culture, they ultimately enter a state of replicative senescence and stop dividing when their telomeres get too short. By contrast, most tumor cells, in humans and in cell culture, express active telomerase allowing them to maintain their telomeres and grow beyond the normal limit imposed by senescence. Anticipating a universal cure for cancer, you set up a company to screen chemical ‘libraries' for telomerase inhibitors. The company share price takes a tumble, when a rival group generates a strain of mice from which the telomerase genes have been deleted. These mice breed happily for several generations, but by the 6th generation (when their telomeres are much shorter than those of normal mice), they have a greatly increased tendency to die of tumors. The tumors tend to arise in tissues that show high proliferation rates, such as testis, skin, and blood. Why has this observation shaken the confidence of your investors? Is there a flaw in your hypothesis?
Why is social clock an important consideration when understanding development. It is a useful tool for making comparisons across different generations to see if the hypothesized developmental course is valid.
Provide a basic toxicology report of the effects of PVC on a human, including possible carcinogens or neurotoxins?
Suppose an ecologist is studying interactions among different species in an ecosystem. What level of organization should the ecologist study?
The integrity of the plasma membrane is essential for cellular survival. Could the immune system utilize this fact to destroy foreign cells that have invaded the body?What physical and metabolic constraints limit the cell size.
Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed while they enter the facility and then weighed carefully before they leave. What is the most probable explanation for this requirement.
A woman from the family with normal cholesterol marries a man with no LDL receptors, and all their children have cholesterol levels twice the normal of the mother.
Over the long period of time that life has existed on Earth, there have been number of important or significant innovations including endosymbiosis to create mitochondria and chloroplasts.
A flower breeder analyzed that a cross between true-breeding red tulips and true-breeding white tulips makes all red-flowering F1 offspring.
You start to have a scratchy feeling in the back of your throat. After a few days it hurts to swallow, so you go to doctor. The doctor tells you that you have strep throat.
explain Why is it advantageous for citrate the product of reaction 1 of the TCA, to inhibit phosphofructokinase, which catalyses the third reaction in glycolysis.
The altered tRNA translates the UGA as tryptophan. What nucleotide varies has probably occurred in the mutant tRNA molecule? What consequences will the presence of such a mutant tRNA have for the translation of the normal genes in this cell.
Explain the epidemiological attributes of this episode. In which special circumstances can cross-sectional surveys be utilized to test the hypotheses? In your answer explain briefly the characteristics of the cross-sectional study.
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