Reference no: EM131100698

Chapter 1:

1. Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car?
a) analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car
b) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human
c) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
d) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car
e) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe

2. Analytic thinking is best characterized by
a) taxonomic categorization.
b) thematic categorization.
c) multiple-level categorization.
d) any form of categorization.
e) synthetically integrating theses and antitheses.

3. During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?
a) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's family problems.
b) East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.
c) East Asians will blame Tony's nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony's family problems.
d) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's nasty personality.
e) East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's teammates.

4. An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?
a) Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald.
b) Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general.
c) Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.
d) Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers.
e) Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black and white.

5. Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?
a) someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task
b) someone who is better at the absolute-line task than the relative-line task
c) someone who is good at both the relative-line and the absolute-line tasks
d) someone who cannot do well on either the relative-line task or the absolute-line task
e) someone who performs inconsistently on the relative-line and absolute-line tasks across trials

6. People who are especially field dependent tend to be
a) introverted.
b) from Western cultures.
c) hunters or herders.
d) from large, industrialized cities.
e) holistic thinkers.

7. A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find?
a) Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object.
b) William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
c) Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly.
d) William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.
e) The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.

8. Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a familial relationship?
a) ask the child which group of people look the most familiar, to activate the child's implicit memory
b) focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child
c) consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier
d) look at which family has approximately the same combination of features as the child
e) decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims make them equally convincing

9. You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?
a) an argument
b) dispositional attribution
c) inferential judgment
d) conclusion making
e) field dependence

10. Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with
a) field dependence.
b) family resemblance reasoning.
c) dispositional attributions.
d) high horizons in drawings.
e) None of these answers is correct.

11. Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT
a) Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
b) cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
c) Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
d) Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
e) All of these statements are true.

12. Brittany is arguing with Michael about his article in the school newspaper, in which Michael advocates raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error. This means that Brittany did which of the following?
a) assumed that Michael was not really pro tuition increase, and agreed that Michael only wrote the article because the editor asked him to write the article
b) thought that Michael wrote the article equally because he is pro tuition increase and because he is personally pro tuition
c) thought that Michael's perspective on tuition increase depended on the perspectives of people around him
d) ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article, and asserted that Michael wrote it only because he is personally pro tuition increase
e) thought that Michael's perspective on tuition increase was due to both situational and dispositional attributions, in equal amounts

13. Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina's boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina's boyfriend makes her go to bars, but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia's thoughts is
a) situational attributions.
b) naïve dialecticism.
c) dispositional attributions.
d) articulatory suppression.
e) fundamental attribution error.

14. When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians
a) choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments.
b) on average, have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners.
c) typically provide holistic answers.
d) are usually unable to solve them.
e) tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.

15. Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that
a) East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.
b) Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions.
c) East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract rules.
d) when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions, Westerners are likely to make judgments based on similarity.
e) East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.

16. Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will
a) have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic.
b) have predictions that are consistently more optimistic.
c) have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns.
d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
e) not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible for East Asians.

17. Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?
a) Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true.
b) Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true.
c) Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true.
d) Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.
e) Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become less convinced that Gil's argument is true.

18. Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?
a) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations.
b) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
c) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence.
d) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
e) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

19. Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning.
b) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence.
c) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.
d) Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism.
e) Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.

20. You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen?
a) Japanese researchers' preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional.
b) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs.
c) Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs.
d) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional.
e) Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

21. Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists. You _____________ with her statement because _____________.
a) agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
b) disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally more creative than individualists
c) agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
d) disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking
e) agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than collectivists

22. The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students' performance?
a) East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.
b) Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, or if they recite their own names repeatedly.
c) Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems.
d) Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems.
e) Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them.

23. Comparisons of Asian Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's progressive matrices reveals that
a) Asian Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans.
b) Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.
c) Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are silent.
d) Asian Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent.
e) thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro-Americans.

24. With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated?
a) implicit communication
b) explicit communication
c) incremental theory of the world
d) entity theory of the self
e) incremental theory of self

25. Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?
a) You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, "I guess so," with a very subtle disapproving expression.
b) Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, "I will think about it," because you are unsure.
c) Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on your door to let you know.
d) You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she is thinking, providing the whole context for you to understand.
e) Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to tell you.

26. Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style?
a) Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other.
b) Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail.
c) Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia.
d) Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.
e) Tetsuya, who is Japanese, prefers to write to his friends more so than does his American friend, Mike.

27. Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in reindeer-related vocabulary size?
a) English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer.
b) Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers.
c) English speakers have less numerical cognitive abilities than do Saami speakers.
d) Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.
e) English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.

28. A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant?
a) His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right.
b) He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west.
c) He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.
d) He uses two spatial markers on his body-his head and his feet-to indicate how time passes.
e) He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

29. Color terms from different cultures around the world
a) vary in arbitrary ways.
b) are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum.
c) vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.
d) all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.
e) do not consistently contain a word for "black."

30. People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond two or three
a) can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a complete number set.
b) are unable to discriminate between different quantities.
c) are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.
d) can still do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction.
e) have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than another.

Chapter 2

1. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?
a) the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses
b) how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration upon seeing his boss
c) the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss
d) how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people
e) the disgust that Ed experienced upon seeing his boss

2. Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions?
a) Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her.
b) Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions.
c) Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away.
d) Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.
e) Ryan thinks he feels fearful of sharks because his heart was racing after he encountered a shark during his dive, and he knew that the shark was dangerous.

3. The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?
a) Ekman's basic emotions
b) James-Lange theory of emotions
c) two-factor theory of emotions
d) interdependent self-construal
e) holistic thinking style

4. Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie?
a) James-Lange theory of emotion
b) linguistic relativity of emotional experience
c) universal emotions
d) two-factor theory of emotions
e) facial feedback hypothesis

5. Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. Upon seeing a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. To her, an increased heart rate means that she is excited, so she concluded that she must be feeling excited right now. A two-factor theorist would _____________ with her conclusion because _____________.
a) disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions
b) disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her psychological reactions mean
c) disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited
d) agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement
e) agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them

6. Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement?
a) when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel giddy
b) when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused
c) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused
d) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal
e) when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

7. Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people
a) sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria.
b) attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.
c) who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions.
d) with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self.
e) have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and their emotions.

8. Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions?
a) pride
b) disgust
c) surprise
d) fear
e) All of these are basic emotions.

9. What can the basic emotions best be characterized as?
a) nonuniversals
b) at least existential universals
c) at least functional universals
d) ritualized displays
e) display rules

10. Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry when she got to work at the office. As a result, her facial expression greatly resembled the basic anger expression. She walked by two coworkers on her way to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese). Which of the following is most likely to occur?
a) Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry.
b) Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry.
c) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana's eyes in determining her emotional state.
d) Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry.
e) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

11. Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?
a) Person A, who is American
b) Person B, who is also feeling upset
c) Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues
d) Person D, who is Korean
e) Person E, who is expressing sadness

12. Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she
a) feels no emotions.
b) transitions easily from one emotion to another.
c) has emotional highs and lows.
d) tries to not have strong displays of emotions.
e) thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions.

13. Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?
a) Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display.
b) Shawn did not need to learn to make this display.
c) Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him.
d) People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited.
e) This display is one of the expressions identified by Ekman and his colleagues.

14. The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues-an expression not recognized elsewhere-reflects
a) feelings of sadness.
b) a basic emotion.
c) a reflexive emotional expression.
d) a ritualized display.
e) an accessibility universal.

15. An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)
a) functional universal.
b) existential universal.
c) nonuniversal.
d) accessibility universal.
e) human universal.

16. Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she would appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result?
a) happiness
b) sadness
c) anger
d) disgust
e) surprise

17. A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research oncultural differences in anger responses, one would expect
a) differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences.
b) the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will.
c) differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.
d) that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students.
e) that the Chinese-Canadian students' physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European-Canadian students' physiological responses.

18. Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is
a) more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.
b) more likely to chase after the person who shoved him.
c) less likely to understand what happened to him.
d) less likely to understand why the man shoved him.
e) more likely to raise the issue with security guards on duty.

19. Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions?
a) respect
b) shame
c) positive interpersonally disengaged emotions
d) negative interpersonally engaged emotions
e) happiness

20. Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that
a) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.
b) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch citizens.
c) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens.
d) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants who were more acculturated had more similar emotional experiences to Dutch citizens than did those immigrants who were less acculturated.
e) None of these statements is true.

21. As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice?
a) Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends.
b) Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends.
c) Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.
d) His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru.
e) Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European-American friends.

22. Different languages from around the world
a) all have words that correspond to the basic emotions, but often not for the nonbasic emotions.
b) sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.
c) may have words for the same emotions as in English, but do not necessarily experience those emotions similarly to English speakers.
d) all have hundreds of words to express different emotions.
e) all have a word for disgust.

23. Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American,
a) Jun would feel more happiness than Jerry.
b) Jun would feel more life satisfaction than Jerry.
c) Jun would feel more anger than Jerry.
d) Jun would feel more extreme emotions than Jerry.
e) Jun would feel more shame than Jerry.

24. Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are
a) low arousal positive states.
b) feelings of group pride.
c) feelings of interpersonal connection.
d) future positive emotional states.
e) purely positive affective states.

25. Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?
a) Alex's parents are doing very well in their business.
b) Alex feels a great deal of excitement.
c) Alex has a vast network of friends.
d) Alex abides by his culture's norms.
e) Alex receives a prize from his school's prize draw.

26. Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?
a) It is an accessibility universal.
b) It is a naïve pursuit.
c) It is a nonuniversal.
d) It is a functional universal.
e) It is an existential universal.

27. Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change-he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, to which region of the United States shouldDerp move if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being?
a) East South Central
b) West North Central
c) West South Central
d) the Mountain West
e) New England

28. The relation between money and happiness is that
a) there is no relation between money and happiness.
b) people who are richer than their neighbors are happier, but absolute levels of money do not predict happiness.
c) money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of income.
d) money is positively related to happiness in poor countries, but negatively related to happiness in rich countries.
e) money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries.

29. Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?
a) Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
b) Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
c) Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
d) Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
e) Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

30. Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen?
a) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness.
b) Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness, and Sayako will choose a rollerblading club that endorses rollerblading at a leisurely pace.
c) Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.
d) Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies, and Sayako will choose a club that teaches its members to self-criticize and feel bad about themselves.
e) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo Salsa dance class that promotes excitement and exhilaration.

Chapter 3

1. Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction?
a) makeup that covers skin blemishes
b) photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together
c) creams that get rid of acne and pimples
d) laser procedures that remove scars
e) photo-editing software that can mix different faces together

2. Four single Japanese people are participating in a dating TV show. Three of them serve as targets, and they each spend time with the remaining person (the chooser). The chooser must then decide which person he or she wants to date. Which of the following people is the chooser most likely to choose?
a) If the chooser is male, he will choose the one who is most similar to him.
b) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the average body.
c) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person who is most similar to him or her.
d) If the chooser is female, she will choose the person who is most similar to her.
e) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the most bilateral facial symmetry.

3. Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive?
a) a person whose face does not have features of abnormal size
b) a person with an average-size body
c) a person whose left side of the face is the same as the right side of the face
d) a person with blemish-free skin
e) All of these people would be considered universally attractive.

4. Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of what culture he or she is from?
a) blemish-free skin
b) athletic body types
c) people who are moderately similar to each other
d) people who are greatly different from each other
e) a body that is very average in terms of how much body fat one has

5. Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The more he is exposed to this tree swing, the
a) more likely he will become bored with it and find it unattractive.
b) more he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.
c) more likely he is to recognize it correctly.
d) more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.
e) less he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.

6. According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?
a) Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units
b) Betty and Bulma, who work in different departments of the same company
c) Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day
d) Malcolm and Maurice, two people who both drive the same model of car
e) Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors

7. Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?
a) arranged marriage
b) simpático
c) the mere exposure effect
d) market pricing
e) love marriage

8. Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that
a) Heidi, more so than Homare, would like a new person who is similar to her.
b) Homare, more so than Heidi, would travel longer distances in an effort to find new friends.
c) Heidi, more so than Homare, would persist in her friendship-making efforts longer, even when her efforts are not successful.
d) Homare, more so than Heidi, would be more likely to be attracted to people with average faces.
e) Heidi, relative to Homare, would be less motivated to form new friends, given her loyalty to her older friends.

9. Marina is going on a first date with someone who has moved to many different cities in the last few years. Marina's date will like her the most if she
a) exhibits a lot of simpático.
b) dislikes local coffee shops in favor of national chain ones.
c) has a heavier body shape.
d) is low on relational mobility.
e) has an interdependent self-construal.

10. Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of
a) communal sharing.
b) authority ranking.
c) equality matching.
d) market pricing.
e) vertical collectivism.

11. You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of?
a) authority ranking
b) communal sharing
c) market pricing
d) equality matching
e) big-gun diplomacy

12. An example of communal sharing is
a) people exchanging Christmas gifts with each other.
b) buying something from eBay, where the seller's relationship with the buyer is independent of price.
c) a family in which each person takes turns taking out the garbage.
d) an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like.
e) the elder of a community giving away his wealth.

13. A person says, "I do not need to maintain my friendships. I know that they will always be friends with me, and I will always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to
a) engage in market pricing relationships.
b) have more friends than enemies.
c) not care so much whether a friend is like him or her.
d) be naïve and immature.
e) be in a relationship characterized by equality matching.

14. Trust toward strangers
a) is unusually low among Americans.
b) steadily decreases across the life span in all cultures.
c) is correlated with feelings of self-esteem.
d) is weaker in collectivistic cultures.
e) fluctuates across the life span in all cultures.

15. What is Adams's argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans?
a) Africa is a more physically dangerous environment than is North America, so that any harmful behaviors of enemies are potentially more dangerous to the individual.
b) Africans have more of a prevention orientation than North Americans.
c) North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a benefit to them.
d) North Americans are more self-enhancing and are convinced that everyone loves them. Even though people often have enemies, they incorrectly perceive them to be their friends.
e) None of these answers is correct.

16. Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?
a) There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies.
b) Ghanaians have more relationships than Westerners, so it follows that they will also have more enemies.
c) Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out.
d) Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.
e) Lumusi may report having more enemies, but she actually does not.

17. Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he is permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that your
a) friend only has positive relationships.
b) friend's social circle is much larger than it would have been if he felt that there were many opportunities for him to make new friends.
c) friend is choosier about the friends he makes than if he felt there were many opportunities for him to make new friends.
d) friend only has negative relationships.
e) friend does not prefer friends who are similar to him over friends who are less similar to him.

18. How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships?
a) Both account for communal sharing.
b) Both are accounted for by relational mobility.
c) Similarity-attraction effect causes greater conditionality of one's relationships.
d) Similarity-attraction effect has a negative relationship with conditionality.
e) There is no relationship between them.

19. Jeremiah has moved around to ten different states in the United States within five years due to his job. This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will
a) see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships.
b) be more open to trying out different local coffee shops.
c) be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team.
d) buy more things from national chain stores.
e) experience less similarity-attraction effect.

20. Because Juan Daniel, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simpático,
a) only other Latin Americans will enjoy smooth social interactions with Juan Daniel.
b) its impact will not be evident in Juan Daniel's workplace.
c) he socializes with people more than his European-American friends do.
d) he is more likely to have an independent self-construal than an interdependent self-construal.
e) he will exhibit a Protestant work ethic when he is in social situations.

21. Romantic love, discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. True or false?
a) True-more children from parents who experienced romantic love survived to pass on their genes, compared to parents without romantic love.
b) False-romantic love hindered an individual's ability to spread one's genetic material.
c) True-romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater survivability.
d) False-someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than someone not experiencing romantic love.
e) True-romantic love meant more sex with more partners, and this meant one would have a greater number of viable babies.

22. Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it
a) brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child.
b) allowed people to exercise their personal agencies.
c) was a necessary foundation for marriages to have in order for the marriage to succeed.
d) promoted relational mobility.
e) led to greater social complexity.

23. Romantic love is
a) a recent phenomenon in some human cultures.
b) something that appears to exist in all cultures.
c) a product of individualism and a concern with meeting an individual's unique needs.
d) something that grows with age until the birth of children.
e) a product of collectivism and a concern with accommodating both parties in a relationship.

24. Which of the following is true about arranged marriages?
a) Within every culture that has them, they are more successful in the long run, on average, than love marriages.
b) In preindustrial societies, the most common form of marriage is parents choosing the partner, with the individuals unable to object.
c) Rates of arranged marriages have been increasing over the past several years in India.
d) Many preindustrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages.
e) Arranged marriages do not allow for love to develop because love in a relationship is dependent on the personal choice of partner.

25. Arranged marriages
a) are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women.
b) are increasing in frequency throughout the world.
c) are unusual in preindustrial societies.
d) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.
e) prevent love from developing.

26. Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for fifteen years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than ten years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier?
a) Sanjay
b) Sana
c) Sanjay is happier as long as his wife bears him a son.
d) Sana is happier as long as she is able to bear a son for her husband.
e) They are equally happy.

27. According to Gupta and Singh's research on marriage in India, after being married for ten or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays people's happiness in these marriages?
a) females in love marriages / females in arranged marriages / males in love marriages / males in arranged marriages
b) females in love marriages / males in love marriages / males in arranged marriages / females in arranged marriages
c) males in love marriages / females in arranged marriages / males in arranged marriages / females in love marriages
d) males in arranged marriages / females in arranged marriages / males in love marriages / females in love marriages
e) males in arranged marriages / males in love marriages / females in love marriages / females in arranged marriages

28. The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the norm, rather than love marriages. In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following must this new society have?
a) strong ties within nuclear families
b) a great deal of relational mobility
c) higher levels of marital satisfaction than love marriages after ten years of marriage
d) large kin groups with strong ties within them
e) a system of relationships characterized by market pricing

29. Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages. True or false?
a) False-they at least start out with more marital satisfaction than people in love marriages.
b) True-arranged marriages signal a lack of personal agency, leading to unhappiness.
c) False-only women have marital dissatisfaction in arranged marriages.
d) True-arranged marriages have always been rare in human history because our ancestors understood that it leads to marital dissatisfaction.
e) False-arranged marriages that last over ten years have greater marital satisfaction than love marriages.

30. If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that the
a) American would trust the stranger less than the Japanese.
b) American would only trust the stranger more than the Japanese if the American had an acquaintance who knew the stranger.
c) Japanese would trust the stranger more than the American only if the stranger were of the same sex as himself or herself.
d) American would trust the stranger more than the Japanese only if the American had heard about the stranger previously.
e) Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

Chapter 4:

1. According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?
a) a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
b) 94 percent of Americans reporting belief in God(s) in some form
c) a move toward a balance between Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft groups
d) meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution
e) an increase in the belief that one's thoughts have nothing to do with morality

2. It is a valid task to objectively determine whether some cultures are morally more superior to others. True or false?
a) False-it is difficult to determine the appropriate standards with which to objectively compare the morality of different cultures.
b) True-cultural differences from Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning is definitive evidence that some cultures are morally superior to others.
c) False-we can only objectively morally compare cultures in terms of moral intuitions, but nothing else.
d) True-this is because cultures around the world can be divided in terms of the different codes of ethics.
e) False-secularization theory suggests that morality cannot be measured.

3. According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?
a) How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?
b) When all cultures around the world have the same psychological phenomenon, it is difficult to say what survival advantage(s) that psychological phenomenon conferred.
c) With different cultures exhibiting variation on a given psychological phenomenon, it is hard to determine if there exists some underlying construct.
d) How can cultural diversity exist if humans all evolved from a common ancestor?
e) It is far too complicated an explanation of cultural diversity than a creationist account of cultural diversity.

4. While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision, based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?
a) "I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because there is no way that I will get caught."
b) "I will not try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it is against the law."
c) "I will not try to circumvent the Great Firewall because officials are always monitoring Internet traffic and will easily find me."
d) "I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide is that which was created by God."
e) "I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it infringes on my rights to freely explore the Internet."

5. At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he
a) refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
b) decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
c) chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.
d) donates money to AIDS research because he has AIDS.
e) helps his little sister with homework rather than his little sister's friend.

6. At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she
a) refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
b) decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
c) chooses to do one of two good deeds because she is more likely to be recognized by doing the chosen deed.
d) donates money to AIDS research because she has AIDS.
e) helps her little sister with homework rather than her little sister's friend.

7. Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms. This is an example of
a) the morality of personal choice.
b) preconventional moral reasoning.
c) conventional moral reasoning.
d) postconventional moral reasoning.
e) the ethic of autonomy.

8. The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?
a) justice
b) community
c) divinity
d) autonomy
e) orthodoxy

9. Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that
a) conventional reasoning is not evident in many folk village populations.
b) in Western urban environments almost all adults reason in postconventional moral terms.
c) adults in folk village populations most commonly reason in preconventional terms.
d) in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
e) the ethic of autonomy is not a moral principle in many cultures.

10. Which of the following is NOT part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?
a) ethic of autonomy
b) ethic of justice
c) ethic of community
d) ethic of divinity
e) All of these ethics were proposed in Shweder's model.

11. Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?
a) Marian stabs Roland in the arm.
b) Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face.
c) Peter throws a plastic bottle into the trash.
d) Andrea misses her sister's wedding because Andrea's flight was canceled.
e) Jack disobeys his father's commands.

12. According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?
a) The man deserves to be punished.
b) The man has violated the ethic of divinity.
c) The man has violated the ethic of autonomy.
d) The man has failed to achieve purity.
e) The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts.

13. Lloyd is politically very conservative, scores highly on the "loyalty to in-group" moral institution, and greatly respects hierarchy. Thus, there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by
a) the ethic of divinity.
b) secularization.
c) Gemeinschaft.
d) the principle of equity.
e) Gesellschaft.

14. A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?
a) the reasoning of the ethic of community
b) the relationships in Gesellschaft groups
c) the reasoning of conventional morality
d) the relationships in Gemeinschaft groups
e) the reasoning of the ethic of divinity

15. Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?
a) Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to view a duty to attend a friend's birthday celebration in full moral terms.
b) Rahul, an Indian, is less likely than Eric, an American, to be concerned about reporting a crime that he has just witnessed.
c) Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to feel that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
d) Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to base his morality largely on whether something is natural or not.
e) Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to base his morality on whether something is a social obligation.

16. The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with
a) the ethic of community.
b) preconventional moral reasoning.
c) the ethic of autonomy.
d) postconventional moral reasoning.
e) the ethic of divinity.

17. Confucian scholars in seventeenth-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of
a) the ethic of community.
b) preconventional reasoning.
c) conventional reasoning.
d) the ethic of divinity.
e) the ethic of autonomy.

18. Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that
a) lower-Socioeconomic Status (SES) Americans are rather unique in that they do not view these behaviors as immoral.
b) Brazilians, regardless of social class, do not tend to view these behaviors as unique.
c) upper-SES Americans are more likely than upper-SES Brazilians to view these behaviors as immoral.
d) lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
e) upper-SES Brazilians view these behaviors to be more immoral than lower-SES Brazilians.

19. An orthodox Baptist and a progressive Baptist are watching news coverage of China's ban on pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?
a) The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, "That ban is immoral because it infringes on people's abilities to act as autonomous individuals to decide what is acceptable."
b) The orthodox Baptist is likelier to say, "That ban is immoral because pornography facilitates couples fulfilling their sexual obligations to each other."
c) The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, "That ban is immoral because it is restricting the portrayal of the natural, God-given act of sex."
d) The orthodox Baptist is likelier to say, "That ban is immoral because it is a person's own responsibility to figure out what material is appropriate."
e) The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, "That ban is immoral because it prevents people in marriages from committing adultery, thus succumbing to the sin of lust."

20. According to the textbook, progressive and orthodox religious groups are fundamentally different from each other in terms of how they reason about moral issues. True or false?
a) False-they both have the same types of fairness norms.
b) True-they are at different levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning and focus on different codes of ethics.
c) False-neither of them moralize thoughts.
d) True-they abide by different codes of ethics when reasoning about moral issues.
e) False-they are at the same levels of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.

21. Which of the following statements would be the most important to someone who is very liberal in North America?
a) "Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes one of God's sins."
b) "There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my team and join yours."
c) "I am willing to die for my country if someone chooses to attack it."
d) "The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."
e) "This is wrong because it is causing people a lot of pain."

22. Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is true?
a) The more conservative one is, the more one is concerned about all five moral institutions.
b) The more liberal one is, the more one is concerned about protecting fairness.
c) The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the in-group.
d) Regardless of political identity, people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about purity.
e) Regardless of political identity, people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they are about loyalty to the in-group.

23. According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is true in North America?
a) People who are the most conservative value the ethic of divinity the most.
b) The extent to which people respect hierarchy is unrelated to their political identities.
c) People from most political identities value protecting fairness less than they do avoiding harm.
d) People who are very conservative have less variability in their endorsement of different ethics compared to people who are very liberal.
e) People from all political identities value all aspects of the ethic of autonomy more than any other codes of ethics.

24. Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?
a) Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.
b) Benny is more likely than Matthew to engage in postconventional moral reasoning.
c) Matthew is less likely to believe that thinking about baseball will lead to him playing baseball.
d) Matthew is more upset about people committing adultery than Benny is.
e) Benny is more likely than Matthew to praise one's ability to stop himself or herself from thinking about playing baseball.

25. Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?
a) The amount people receive depends on their contribution to the village.
b) People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.
c) Older villagers are seen as deserving more pieces of gold.
d) Everyone gets five pieces of gold.
e) The amount people receive should be distributed based on a lottery system.

26. In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that
a) Indians are equally likely as Americans to use the principle of equality.
b) Americans are more likely than Indians to use the principle of merit.
c) Indians are more likely than Americans to make decisions based on seniority.
d) Indians consider people's needs more than do Americans in allocating rewards.
e) All of these statements are true.

27. You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?
a) $0
b) $5
c) $13
d) $15
e) $25

28. Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their cases to get some extra points for their essays. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?
a) if the student's claim was "I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions"
b) if the student's claim was "I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates"
c) if the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"
d) if the student's claim was "I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well"
e) if the student's claim was "The essay was not fair because it did not ask us to write about something we were actually interested in"

29. Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)
a) meritocracy.
b) nonuniversal.
c) public goods game.
d) code of autonomy.
e) accessibility universal.

30. In playing a public goods game, Horatio keeps punishing Yorick, who had previously punished Horatio, despite Yorick being a cooperator. The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible. Which of the following is a predictor of Horatio's behavior?
a) He is from a WEIRD culture.
b) He also engages in altruistic punishment.
c) He is from a culture with weak rule of law.
d) He is in the conventional level of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning.
e) He abides by the code of divinity.