Random error-confounding and effect modification

Assignment Help Science
Reference no: EM13774175

A study of the relationship between exercise and heart attacks that is conducted among women who do not smoke. Explain whether gender is a confounder.

A case-control study of the relationship between liver cirrhosis and alcohol use. In this study, smoking is associated with drinking alcohol and is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis among both non-alcoholics and alcoholics. Explain whether smoking is a confounder.

Answer:

Assessing Random Error, Confounding, and Effect Modification

Although researchers do their best to reduce error within every study, there will always be error. It is important to identify and report any possible error within the research study in order to accurately interpret the research study's findings. In epidemiologic research, the focus is on assessing confounding and effect modification along with normal statistical measures (p-values, confidence intervals, etc.).

For this Application Assignment, you will calculate and interpret the effects of confounding, random error, and effect modification within epidemiologic research. Read each of the following questions and answer them appropriately:

  • Consider each of the following scenarios and explain whether the variable in question is a confounder:

1.    A study of the relationship between exercise and heart attacks that is conducted among women who do not smoke. Explain whether gender is a confounder.

2.    A case-control study of the relationship between liver cirrhosis and alcohol use. In this study, smoking is associated with drinking alcohol and is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis among both non-alcoholics and alcoholics. Explain whether smoking is a confounder.

  • Interpret the results of the following studies

1.    An odds ratio of 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 0.8-1.5) is found for the association of low socioeconomic status and occurrence of obesity.

2.    A relative risk of 3.0 is reported for the association between consumption of red meat and the occurrence of colon cancer. The p-value of the association is 0.15.

3.    An odds ratio of 7 (95% confidence interval: 3.0 - 11.4) is found for the association of smoking and lung cancer.

  • The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was conducted in a case-control study with 700 cases and 425 controls. Using the results below, calculate the crude odds ratio and explain what the ratio means:
  • Heavy Smoking-Cases: 450; Controls: 200
  • Not Heavy Smoking-Cases: 250; Controls: 225
  • A case-control study looked at the association of alcohol use with the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD). There were 300 participants in the study (150 cases and 150 controls). Of the cases, 90 participants drank alcohol; of the controls, 60 participants drank alcohol.
  • Design the appropriate 2x2 table, calculate and interpret the appropriate measure of association.
  • You suspect that the association between alcohol use and CHD might be confounded by smoking. You collect the following data:
 

Smokers

Non-Smokers

 

CHD

No CHD

CHD

No CHD

Alcohol Use

80

40

10

20

No Alcohol Use

20

10

40

80

  • Calculate the appropriate measure of association between alcohol use and CHD in both smokers and non-smokers. Discuss whether smoking was a confounder of the association. What is the relationship of alcohol use to CHD after controlling for confounding?
  • A study was conducted in young adults to look at the association between taking a driver's education class and the risk of being in an automobile accident. 450 participants were included in the study, 150 cases who had been in an accident and 300 controls who had not. Of the 150 cases, 70 reported having taken a driver's education class. Of the 300 controls, 170 reported having taken a driver's education class.


Calculate and interpret the appropriate measure of association between driver's education and accidents.

The question arose as to whether gender might be an effect modifier of this association. When gender was assessed, the data looked like the following:

 

Women

Men

 

Accident

No Accident

Accident

No Accident

Driver's Ed

10

50

60

120

No Driver's Ed

40

50

40

80

Perform the appropriate calculations to test for effect modification. Interpret your results.

Reference no: EM13774175

Questions Cloud

Security through obscurity in a computer situation : Give an example of security through obscurity in a computer situation. Give an example of security through obscurity in a situation not involving computers. Is security through obscurity an effective countermeasure in either example?
Write an essay about my experience on a social network : Write an essay about My experience on a social network. why is the experiencr important for me? what details are necessary in order for me to recreate the experience in an interesting and engaging way?
Evaluate brian''s actions in the beginning of the case : Recommend a policy change to further protect Cenartech such as the one the CEO issued regarding the notification of the IT department when employees join or leave the company. Evaluate Brian's actions in the beginning of the case and determine wha..
Arson investigation issues : Identify the role of the fire department personnel and their authority at an arson fire.
Random error-confounding and effect modification : A case-control study of the relationship between liver cirrhosis and alcohol use. In this study, smoking is associated with drinking alcohol and is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis among both non-alcoholics and alcoholics. Explain whether smoking..
The outline is security threats & vulnerabilities : the outline is Security Threats & Vulnerabilities, You must provide a 1-page outline of your paper by the end of Week 3. Your outline must include citations to three references and a brief summary of at least three references that you will use in..
Write a responce paper on marketing and media industries : Write a responce paper on Marketing & Media Industries.
What level of excess reserves does the bank now have : what is the value of the dollar and what direction must its liabilities have changed from the day before and what level of excess reserves does the bank now have?
Why is it important for employees to stay motivated : Why is it important for employees to stay motivated in the workplace. Provide at least two ways in which motivation is achieved in your current job

Reviews

Write a Review

 

Science Questions & Answers

  Need for cultural competence

How can you implement cultural competency into your health and wellness programs?

  Obesity-related disease

Demand economic theory as it applies to costs for diagnosis and treatment of obesity-related disease.

  The nature of motor processing in the brain

The nature of motor processing in the brain

  Final health condition written assignmentdevelop your draft

final health condition written assignmentdevelop your draft into a assignment. using the skills you have developed in

  What do you think accounts for the rise of conspiracy

what do you think accounts for the rise of conspiracy theories that are offered as explanations for the assassinations

  Aticle behavioral study of obedience by stanley milgram

article behavioral study of obedience by stanley milgram yale university journal of abnormal and social

  Select a human behavior

Select a human behavior (everything is open to discussion, from skydiving, to watching a movie, to aggravated assault) and determine how the biological bases of behavior play a role in that behavior. Provide specific examples to support your response..

  The estimated project cash flows be changed to reflect

If the manufacturer plans on using debt to finance the project, should the estimated project cash flows be changed to reflect these interest charges? Why or why not?

  Give one reason why aluminium is commonly recycled

Which property of aluminium makes it suitable for the manufacture of aircrafts Give one reason why aluminium is commonly recycled

  The types of data sources

Discuss how this program seeks to assess and address community needs

  Choose two specific foodborne diseases in a powerpoint

select two specific foodborne diseases. in a powerpoint presentation discuss the causes diagnosis treatment and

  Cognitive neuroscience technique

A cognitive neuroscience technique in treating addiction and substance abuse.

Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd