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A new process is being developed for converting benzene to cyclohexane by hydrogenation over a noble metal catalyst. The reaction is carried out at 50 bara, at a feed temperature of 220 °C, and the reactor contents should not exceed 300 °C, to minimize formation of methylcyclopentane (MCP) by-product. The reaction is essentially irreversible under these conditions and the temperature can be controlled by staged addition of cold hydrogen. Six beds are to be used, each converting the same amount of benzene, with overall conversion of 100%. The average weight hourly space velocity based on benzene is 10 h-1 for each adiabatic bed, and a pressure drop of 0.5 bar is acceptable across each bed. The catalyst is in the form of 1/16th inch (1.588 mm) beads with average bulk density of 700 kg/m3 . Design, size, and cost a reactor for making 200,000 metric tons per year of cyclohexane using this process.
It is common that people are exposed to more than one hazardous substance at a time. The different substances may interact such that one substance may alter the toxicity of one or more of the chemicals present. Discuss the possible interactions th..
A process to produce 1000 kgmol/h acetaldehyde, ethane is fed to the reactor at 1500 kgmol/h and the fractional conversion is 0.8. The product stream contains 2 mol% CO2. Calculate the molar composition of the product stream and the fractional select..
Calculate the equilibrium conversion, then redo parts (a) through (c) to achieve a concentration that is 90% of the calculated equilibrium conversion.
Equal rates of mass transfer for the production of the fine chemical are required. This is often required for certain types of organic synthesis.
Using the data given in Appendix C (available online at booksite .Elsevier.com/Towler), calculate the gross and net calorific values of the gas. Give your answer in MJ/m3, at standard temperature and pressure.
Ethane (C2H6) can be dehydrogenated to ethylene (C2H4), which can be dehydrogenated further to acetylene (C2H2). A reactor is fed with ethane and steam at a 1:1 mole ratio (The steam simply acts as a diluent). If the reactor runs at 1 atm and the rea..
Develop project plans for the design and construction of the following processes. Use Figure 1.2 as a guide to the activities that must occur. Estimate the overall time required from launching the project to the start of operation.
Give the approximate minimum temperature at which it is possible to austenitize each of the following iron-carbon alloys during a normalizing heat treatment:
Carbon dioxide can be separated from other gases by preferential absorption into an amine solution. The carbon dioxide can be recovered by heating at atmospheric pressure. Suppose pure CO2 vapor is available from such a process at 80°C and 1 bar. Sup..
Grams of tin and lead, An alloy is 7 parts tin and 3 parts lead. How many grams of each are in 40g of the alloy? Let x= the number of grams of tin in the 40g of the alloy.
Make a rough estimate of the cost of steam per ton, produced from a packaged boiler. 10,000 kg per hour of steam are required at 15 bar. Natural gas will be used as the fuel, calorific value 39 MJ/m3 (roughly 1 MMBtu/1000 scf). Take the boiler eff..
Outline the provisions of Occupational Safety and Health Act 2005 with regard to Substances hazardous to health Describe four types of hazard which arise from the use of chemicals
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