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When a flammable liquid (such as gasoline or charcoal lighter fluid) ignites, it is not the liquid itself that burns: what actually happens is that the liquid vaporizes and the resulting air-vapor mixture burns If the temperature is such that the percentage of the vapor in the mixture is below a certain level (the lower flammable limit), the liquid will not ignite if exposed to a spark or other ignition source. A match may burn in the mixture, but the flame will not spread.
(a) The flash point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which the liquid vaporizes sufficiently to form an ignitable mixture with air. For example, the flash point of octane at 1 atm is 13°C (55°F), which means that dropping a match into an open container of octane is likely to start a fire on a warm summer day but not on a cold winter day. (Please do not try it!) Suppose you are keeping two solvents in your laboratory--one with a flash point of 15°C and the other with a flash point of 75° C. How do these solvents differ from the standpoint of safety? How might you treat them differently?
(b) The lower flammable limit (LFL) of methanol in air is 6.0 mole%. Calculate the temperature at which the equilibrium percentage of methanol vapor in a saturated methanol-air mixture would equal the LFL. (This temperature is a rough estimate of the flash point.)
(c) Suppose an open container of methanol is kept at a temperature below the temperature calculated in part (b). Why would it still be unsafe to expose the container to a flame?
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Consider the case of a rare mutant in which the concentration of solutes in the kidney medulla interstitial spaces is equal to the concentration of solutes in the liquid in thelumen of the medullary collecting duct in the kidney.
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