How do scientists typically react according to thomas kuhn

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Reference no: EM131146479

ASSIGNMENT 1-

QUESTION 1: Scientific thinking makes sense because it ...

(1) is logical.

(2) collects evidence.

(3) explains relationships between variables.

(4) all the above

QUESTION 2: Premature closing of enquiry can be avoided by ...

(a) carefully studying published research results and current thinking on a specific subject matter.

(b) planning for more time in which to research a problem.

(c) not being intimidated by bodies of authority to produce results.

(d) selecting a very interesting research topic that continuously fascinates the researcher.

(1) (a) (b) (c)

(2) (b)

(3) (c) (d)

(4) (a) (b)

(5) (a) (b) (c) (d)

 QUESTION 3: Which of the following statements are correct? According to interpretivists ...

(a) social reality is inherently meaningful

(b) the social sciences should not approach research in the same way as the natural sciences

(c) social reality does not exist independently of the knower thereof

(d) common sense provides useful insight into an understanding of social reality

(e) it is standardised procedures that enable us to learn about social reality

(1) (a) (b) (c) (d)

(2) (a) (b) (c) (e)

(3) (a) (b) (d) (e)

(4) (a) (c) (d) (e)

(5) (b) (c) (d) (e)

QUESTION 4: How do scientists typically react, according to Thomas Kuhn, if they find evidence that disconfirms an established theory?

Most of them ...

(a) try to find reasons why the new evidence is problematic and should not be accepted.

(b) ignore the new evidence completely.

(c) immediately reject their theories following the scientific norm of disinterestedness.

(d) wait until a better theory arises providing an explanation for both the old and new observations.

(1) (a) (d)

(2) (b)

(3) (b) (c) (d)

(4) (a)

(5) (a) (d)

QUESTION 5: Which of the following are examples of an operationalised hypothesis?

(a) Car hijackings in South Africa occur to 4 out of every 100 000 people.

(b) Car hijackings in South Africa will decrease if the average personal disposable income of people increases.

(c) Car hijackings in South Africa occur as a result of past oppression of poor people.

(d) Car hijackings in South Africa will decrease if we impose the death penalty on people guilty of this crime.

(e) Car hijackings in South Africa will increase if the justice system deteriorates.

(1) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(2) (a) (b) (d)

(3) (a) (c) (e)

(4) (b) (d)

(5) (a) (e)

QUESTION 6: In social science, theory ...

(a) is used to provide an explanation for social phenomena.

(b) is based on speculation.

(c) specifies the relationships between key concepts .

(d) organises and systematises ideas.

(e) suggests what kind of facts we should be looking for in research.

(1) (a) (b)

(2) (c) (d)

(3) (e)

(4) (b) (c) (e)

(5) (a) (c) (d) (e)

QUESTION 7: Which one of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?

(1) More women than men register to study in the social sciences.

(2) Alienation is a consequence of powerlessness.

(3) Religiousness equals the frequency of church attendance.

(4) The higher the level of education, the more liberal the political outlook.

(5) The level of maturity depends on age.

 QUESTION 8: Which of the following statements about theories are correct?

Theories ...

(a) are simply the opinions of people and their truth depends on whose side you are on.

(b) can tell us the ultimate truth of the world.

(c) provide explanations for why things are the way they are.

(d) guide us in understanding scientific observations.

(1) (a) (d)

(2) (b) (c)

(3) (c) (d)

(4) (a) (c) (d)

QUESTION 9: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

(1) a holistic approach to persons

(2) precise definition of variables being studied

(3) prediction and control of phenomena

(4) theories containing causal models

QUESTION 10: The concept 'triangulation' means ...

(1) research decisions are based on assumptions.

(2) repetition of research.

(3) the use of three techniques to analyse empirical data.

(4) the use of various measuring instruments for data collection.

QUESTION 11: Which one of the following items distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?

(1) the size of the sample

(2) the use of a nonprobability sample

(3) random assignment of subjects to groups

(4) the introduction of an experimental treatment

 QUESTION 12: Fifteen (15) French speaking students received supervision from one English speaking supervisor with the assistance of an interpreter. They all obtained their masters degrees in 2010. In 2011 a researcher studied the experiences of these students pertaining to the supervision that they have received. Two years later (2013) the researcher conducted a study to assess the professional development of this group of students.

This study is an example of a ...

(1) panel study.

(2) follow-up study.

(3) tracer study.

(4) cohort study.

QUESTION 13: Which one of these situational factors would be your main concern when you have to make judgements about ethics in research?

(1) drawing a probability sample from the population

(2) the methods you would use to collect data

(3) the operational definitions of theoretical constructs

(4) comparing responses based on gender differences

QUESTION 14: Which behavioural norm or principle relates to the researcher's motives for conducting a research study?

(1) voluntary participation

(2) informed consent

(3) freedom from harm

(4) disinterestedness

QUESTION 15: Which ethical requirement is being met if we treat respondents in an interview equally?

(1) freedom from harm

(2) justice

(3) informed consent

(4) anonymity

 QUESTION 16: Social science researchers should ensure that the information they collect from people does not conflict with the participants' right to privacy.

Identify the three aspects to keep in mind in order to ensure the privacy of participants.

(a) whether the research is qualitative or quantitative

(b) sensitivity of the information

(c) the place where the research is conducted

(d) the use of a control group

(e) how public the research findings will be made

(1) (a) (b) (c)

(2) (b) (c) (d)

(3) (a) (c) (e)

(4) (b) (c) (e)

QUESTION 17: Which of the following threats to internal validity is associated with a lack of random assignment?

(1) maturation

(2) history

(3) instrumentation

(4) selection

QUESTION 18: After completing an experiment a researcher learns that without her realising it, she has influenced the behaviour of the subjects.

This refers to ...

(1) selection bias.

(2) the regression effect.

(3) the testing effect.

(4) researcher expectancy.

 QUESTION 19: Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups to ensure that the two groups ...

(1) contain an equal number of subjects.

(2) consist of subjects with the same characteristics.

(3) include subjects who can be matched.

(4) do not differ systematically before the treatment is applied.

QUESTION 20: A researcher is investigating the claim that employees in large companies are generally less motivated than employees in small companies. She plans to draw a sample of 50 employees from large companies (with 500 or more employees) and another sample of 50 employees from smaller companies (with 20 employees or less), to compare them on a motivation scale.

This is an example of a ... design.

(1) true experimental

(2) quasi-experimental

(3) pre-experimental

(4) time-series

ASSIGNMENT 2-

QUESTION 1: Fifteen (15) people known by the health care professional working in an AIDS clinic to have AIDS and fifteen (15) people known not to have AIDS, are asked to participate in a research study.

This is an example of ... sampling.

(1) snowball

(2) systematic

(3) purposive

(4) stratified random

QUESTION 2: A researcher used systematic sampling. The known population size was 3 200 and the desired sample size was 160.

What was the sampling interval?

(1) 16

(2) 20

(3) 160

(4) 320

QUESTION 3: When a researcher knows in advance that there are important subgroups within the population that need to be included in the sample because they may affect the results of the study, the researcher will use ... sampling.

(1) accidental

(2) quota

(3) judgmental

(4) stratified random

QUESTION 4: Various factors will influence the sample size required for every individual study. In one specific hospital 50 babies were still born in the past 18 months. A researcher conducted 15 individual in-depth interviews with 15 of the fathers to describe their experiences.

The sample size of this study is ...

(1) too small, because 50 fathers experienced similar loss.

(2) adequate, because of the heterogenous small population.

(3) too small, because in-depth interviews are easy to conduct.

(4) adequate, because of the design, population and purpose.

QUESTION 5: This statement below is to be used in a self-administered questionnaire. It is problematic because it is a/an ... statement.

Of the articles that appear in the Unisa News, the majority do not concern the subjects in which I major and are therefore irrelevant.

(1) double-barrelled

(2) complex

(3) lengthy

(4) unwarranted

 QUESTION 6: Complete the following statement which deals with levels of measurement. Using an ordinal level of measurement, means that the ...

(1) categories which are used, are equal.

(2) categories can be compared and measured.

(3) preferences can be ranked in an order.

(4) an absolute zero point can be measured. QUESTION 7

Ethnographic research occurs when ...

(1) a researcher makes tape recordings of conversations, but does not get involved in the social interaction.

(2) the Hawthorne effects takes place.

(3) a researcher becomes involved with the activities of the group of participants being observed.

(4) the reason for a researcher's presence is not known to the group being observed.

QUESTION 8: Identify the type of closed-ended item in the block below:

In order to extend the cultural activities offered at Baobab School for Girls, you are required to indicate your preference. Which cultural activity would you prefer?

Choir Dance

(1) contingency question

(2) filter question

(3) paired-comparison question

(4) ranking question

 QUESTION 9: The procedures used to organise and summarise quantitative data are referred to as

(1) generalisations.

(2) descriptive statistics.

(3) inferential statistics.

(4) coding.

QUESTION 10: The midmost value in a sample of scores, or the value which is higher than half of the scores and lower than the other half, is called the ...

(1) central tendency.

(2) mode.

(3) median.

(4) mean.

QUESTION 11: A researcher finds the following correlation coefficients between income, intelligence and education.

  • income and intelligence: +0,35
  • income and education: +0,40
  • intelligence and education: +0,45

Which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest linear relation among the variables?

(1) +0,35

(2) +0,40

(3) +0,45

(4) not enough information is provided

QUESTION 12: The extent of symmetry in a data distribution is indicated by the ... while the extent to which it forms a sharp peak is indicated by the ...

(1) median;         variance.

(2) spread;          skewness.

(3) range;            standard deviation.

(4) skewness;    kurtosis.

QUESTION 13: Name the sources from where the category or theme names the qualitative researcher arrives at can be deduced from.

Category or theme names ...

(a) can come from the pool of concepts that researchers already have from their discipline and professional reading

(b) can be borrowed from the technical literature

(c) can be deduced from the words and/or phrases used by the participants themselves

(d) might even be deduced and formulated from the questions posed to the participants

(1) (a)

(2) (b) (d)

(3) (c)

(4) (a) (b) (c) (d)

QUESTION 14: According the qualitative research literature, when does the researcher start thinking about the process of qualitative data analysis?

(a) Data analysis routinely starts prior to the first interview.

(b) The process of data analysis commences when the process of data collection begins.

(c) Data analysis takes place concurrently with data collection, data interpretation, and narrative report writing.

(1) (a) (c)

(2) (b)

(3) (c)

(4) (a) (b) (c)

 QUESTION 15: Which of the following pointers should the qualitative researcher keep in mind when it comes to the inclusion of direct quotations from the transcribed interviews in the research report?

(a) Quotations should be linked to the related text (i.e. theme/category and/or literature).

(b) The context surrounding the quotations should be clarified.

(c) The quotations should be given interpretation, otherwise the readers cannot understand why they are quoted.

(d) The quotations should be relatively short in length, as long quotations are often vague in meaning.

(1) (a) (c)

(2) (b) (d)

(3) (a) (b) (c)

(4) (a) (b) (c) (d)

QUESTION 16: A researcher conducted semi-structured interviews facilitated by open-ended questions contained in an interview-guide and is of the opinion that data saturation has been achieved and plans to commence with the data analysis process proposed by Tesch (eight (8) steps).

Indicate the correct sequence of the steps as proposed by Tesch.

(a) develop themes based on the topics that was identified and ensure the correct abbreviation for the themes.

(b) transcribe all the interviews verbatim, read through them and select one transcribed interview to go through and decide what it is about.

(c) use an abbreviation for each topic on the list and identify those topics in the transcripts by putting the relevant abbreviation next to the topic.

(d) put together data material that belongs to each theme and do a preliminary data analysis. Decide if recoding is necessary. If not, commence with interpreting and reporting on research findings.

(e) make a list of all the topics identified in the transcripts and cluster similar topics together.

(1) (b) (a) (e) (c) (d)

(2) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(3) (b) (e) (c) (a) (d)

(4) (e) (a) (c) (d) (b)

QUESTION 17: Which statement best describes the findings of this study as reported in the newspaper article?

(1) The economic development of a country determines differences in levels of education and that improved schooling increases income.

(2) Three-quarters of all immigrants to First World countries from Africa are primarily highly educated individuals who have received tertiary education.

(3) The findings of this particular study are inconclusive because of a lack of accurate census statistics in most countries.

(4) The large percentage of highly educated emigrants is explained by the fact that immigration policies tend to favour the better educated.

QUESTION 18: Which statement best describes the research problem investigated by this study as reported in the newspaper article?

(1) The study sets out to determine the correlation between the amount of money allocated to higher education and economic growth.

(2) The aim of the research is to determine factors influencing the scarcity of highly educated people in developing countries.

(3) The research goal is to quantify the extent of emigration by highly qualified people and to determine which countries were most affected.

(4) The investigation considers why some countries are economically rich while others are poor by assessing educational levels.

QUESTION 19: The aim of the research, as reported in the newspaper article, was to ...

(1) determine the extent of migration by highly educated people from Third World countries to developed countries.

(2) quantify the effect of the brain drain on the cost structure of higher education in developing countries.

(3) identify factors that determine the scarcity of highly educated people in developing countries.

(4) determine the extent to which education influences personal decision making of people in developing countries.

QUESTION 20: When describing the method you used in a research report, we need to use the ...

(1) present tense.

(2) present perfect tense.

(3) past tense.

(4) present tense, present perfect tense and past tense.

Reference no: EM131146479

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