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The citric acid cycle evolved from preexisting metabolic pathways. Evidence includes organisms that do not use the citric acid cycle, but have genes coding for enzymes used in the citric acid cycle
Which of the statements about the evolution of the citric acid cycle are consistent with existing knowlege? Can be more than one answer!
1) Although some organisms do not use the citric acid cycle under anaerobic conditions, they use a reductive pathway similar to the citric acid cycle to generate some larger molecules.2) A reductive citric acid cycle can replenish oxidized cofactors such as NADH.3)Early organisms may have lacked the enzyme ?-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.4) The citric acid cycle may have originated from two pathways -a reductive pathway and an oxidative pathway.5)The citric acid cycle may have evolved from two biosynthetic pathways in early life forms.
While many microbes give a service to us, many are extremely dangerous. Thus far, we have reviewed many different microbes that produce a variety of diseases in body.
How does an enzyme perform such selective activities on different substrates.
Suppose that the proton motive force calculated for a bacterial cell is -187 mV. If the change in pH at 25 degrees Celsius is +0.1 (2.3RT/F or Z=59), Determine the membrane potential?
Two intracellular molecules A and B are continually synthesised at a constant rate of 1000 per molecule per cell. Each molecule of A survives an average of 100 seconds. While each molecule of B survives an average of 10 seconds.
The K+ channel is an example of a transmembrane protein. What types of amino acids are likely to be found lining the channel through which K+ passes,
The condition known as Bell's Palsy may result in drooping of the face. Typically, the condition is unilateral but in rare instances can be bilateral.
Describe how Dendritic cells and T regulatory cells affect immune tolerance. And what woulld happen if there is too much immuno tolerance ?
Describe in terms of delta-G why only three out of the 10 steps in glycolysis can effectively regulate flux in the system.
What are the two major hypotheses for the evolutionary history of introns in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What is the evidence supporting each of these possibilities? What kind of additional evidence, if available, could help resolve this debate.
A harder one which requires a little more algebra. You have 90.00 mL of dH20. How much glycerine would you have to add in order to make exactly a 1 percent (v/v) dilution?
The "Primordial soup" includes the mixture of elements and gases which are thought to have started life on the Earth. Specify where did the gases and elements come from?
As the polar ice shirinks with rising global temperatures, brown bears are expanding their range into the historical distribution of their close relative, the polar bear. Could this shift be explained by foraging strategy? If so, how?
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