Reference no: EM13950249
Lavaron Chemical Products Division produces surfactants, ingredients used in pro- ducing laundry detergents (surfactants are the components that help release soil from clothing). There are different types of surfactants possible, depending on the nature of the raw material input. One possibility, for example, is the usage of beef tallow as the primary raw material input. Another possibility is to use petrochemical stock as the primary raw material input. The primary input plus other inputs and energy sources are used to produce the surfactants. An inventory analysis produces the following data for the production of surfactants:
| |
Petrochemical |
Tallow |
|
Raw materials (kilograms per 1,000 kg of surfactant)
|
990
|
935
|
|
Water usage (kilograms per 1,000 kg of surfactants used)
|
56
|
560
|
|
Energy usage (kilowatt-hours per 1,000 kg of surfactants):
|
|
|
|
For production of raw materials
|
60
|
30
|
|
Transportation
|
10
|
30
|
|
Processing (production of surfactants)
|
65
|
60
|
|
Residues (emissions per 1,000 kg of surfactants):
|
|
|
|
Particulates (air contaminant)
|
5
|
12
|
|
Hydrocarbons (air contaminant)
|
40
|
33
|
|
Dissolved solids (liquid contaminant)
|
7
|
5
|
|
Land contamination (solid residue)
|
87
|
176
|
The greater water usage for tallow relates to the requirement that water must be used to produce feed for beef. The cost per kilogram of petrochemical stock is $0.40. The cost per kilogram of tallow is $0.60. Water costs $0.50 per kilogram, and energy is $1.20 per kilowatt hour. When air contaminants exceed 5 per 1,000 kilograms, pollution control equipment must be purchased and installed. The cost of acquiring and operating this equipment is $500 per five units of contaminants. Liquid contaminants are more trouble. If dumped into local streams over the life cycle, the costs are estimated to be $120 per unit of liquid contaminant. If a water treatment system is used, the cost is $60 per unit of contaminant. Finally, soil cleanup is esti- mated at $20 per unit of solid residue.
Required
1. Assess the relative environmental impacts of the two approaches to producing surfactants using only operational environmental measures. Which of the two approaches would you recommend? Justify your choice.
2. Use the cost information and calculate an environmental impact cost per 1,000 kg of surfactants. Which of the two approaches would you now recommend? Does the life-cycle cost approach have limitations? Explain.
3. Which parts of the life cycle described by the inventory analysis are controlled by the supplier? By the producer? What part of the inventory analysis is missing?
|
Strongest of the species that survives
: "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change."
|
|
Determine the steam quality at the turbine exit
: For T 5 808F, determine the steam quality at the turbine exit, the steam mass flow rate, in lb/h, and the thermal efficiency. Plot the quantities of part (a) versus T ranging from 80 to 1058F.
|
|
Dna and the steps of protein synthesis
: Describe the structure of DNA and the steps of protein synthesis. Describe the relationships between the following terms:
|
|
Append the last two lines of each file to the file
: Find the differences between the two files and append the result to the file called "scales".out (Hint: diff command can do this)
|
|
Does the life-cycle cost approach have limitations
: Use the cost information and calculate an environmental impact cost per 1,000 kg of surfactants. Which of the two approaches would you now recommend? Does the life-cycle cost approach have limitations? Explain.
|
|
Rate of heat transfer to the steam
: Steam enters the turbine of a Rankine cycle at 16 MPa, 5608C. The condenser pressure is 8 kPa. The turbine and pump each have isentropic efficiencies of 85%, and the mass flow rate of steam entering the turbine is 120 kg/s. Determine
|
|
Select the primary keys for each table in your list.
: Using the final table list you created for Learning Event 3, select the Primary Keys for each table in your list. Then, select one of your tables and complete field specifications for each field.
|
|
Commercial milk-processing industry began to evolve
: After the 1850's, several advancements occurred and the commercial milk-processing industry began to evolve. Select an element/development you think is the most important and justify why you feel this way
|
|
Calculate the total pounds of delivery boxes saved
: Calculate the total pounds of delivery boxes saved because of the new packaging. How much does this save in dollars? How many trees are saved because of recycling and reduction in demand for boxes?
|