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Solar or photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight to electricity and are commonly used to power calculators, satellites, remote communication systems, and even pumps. The conversion of light to electricity is called the photoelectric effect. It was first discovered in 1839 by Frenchman Edmond Becquerel, and the first PV module, which consisted of several cells connected to each other, was built in 1954 by Bell Laboratories. The PV modules today have conversion efficiencies of about 12 to 15 percent. Noting that the solar energy incident on a normal surface on earth at noontime is about 1000 W/m2 during a clear day, PV modules on a 1-m2 surface can provide as much as 150 W of electricity. The annual average daily solar energy incident on a horizontal surface in the United States ranges from about 2 to 6 kWh/m2. A PV-powered pump is to be used in Arizona to pump water for wildlife from a depth of 180 m at an average rate of 400 L/day. Assuming a reasonable efficiency for the pumping system, which can be defined as the ratio of the increase in the potential energy of the water to the electrical energy consumed by the pump, and taking the conversion efficiency of the PV cells to be 0.13 to be on the conservative side, determine the size of the PV module that needs to be installed, in m2.
a vertical curve with grade1= 3.6% meets the exit grade of -4.7% at PVI located at station 26.50. A vertical curve of 700 feet is propsed to provide the transition between the two grades.
How are Division 10 specialty items unique in terms of quantification and cost estimation when compared to other construction items? Why do you think it is important to be careful about estimating the installation costs of specialty items?
A trapezoidal channel lined with d50 = 10 cm has a bottom width of b = 1.2 m, side slopes of m = 3, and a longitudinal bottom slope of S0 = 0.008. Determine the normal depth and the Froude number for Q = 1.4 m3/s.
The incident solar readiation (energy from the sun) on a particular day is at the rate of 100 Btu/hr for each square foot of area. Consider a solar collector with an area of 50ft^2 that concentrates the energy it collects in sucha manner that a regio..
The rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown. Find the stress in each rod if the temperature rises DeltaT after a load P is applied. Use the following data: area of steal rod 320mm2, bronze rod 1300mm2, thermal expansion coefficient Al..
A completely reversible heat engine uses a solar receiver for a hightemperature reservoir and a lake for a low temperature reservoir. The sun maintains the receiver surface at 290 ° F while the lake remains at 40 °F.
The background concentration of atmospheric lead is 0.1 ug/m^3. During a typical hot day in Leadville the mixing height is 500m and the average wind speed is 1.9m/s.
The cost of a 620 ft3/hr process unit is $920,000. From historical cost records, the capacity ratio exponent of a process unit is 0.5. Use the capacity ratios raised to an exponent method to determine the estimated cost of a similar process unit with..
A simple beam has a 24 foot span and a W16 X 50 section. Determine the maximum flexural stress due to two concentrated loads, both 20 kips, at the 1/3 point and the 2/3 point (8 feet and 16 feet) on the beam.
Determine a set of a rectangular beam design values b,d and As that will be needed to support a factored bending moment Mu= 450 Kip-ft. Use f'c= 4500 psi and fy= 40000 psi.
A centrifugal pump is used to pump Vodka (S.G. 0.8) at a rate of 20 gallons per minute to the top of a 30 foot tall tank. The owner wants to use the same pump to pump orange juice (S.G. 1.1). Explain how this change in fluid will affect:
the most famous geyser in the world old faithful in yellowstone national park has a mean time between eruptions of 85
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