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1 The definition of antigen and the chemical characteristics of antigens, The definition of antigen and the chemical characteristics of antigens, haptens and how they become antigenic.2 The life history of T lymphocytes including their origin, migration to the thymus, and attainment of immunocompetence; forms and effects of negative selection; positive selection and its effect; and dispersal of the naive lymphocyte pool3 The three pathways of complement activation and the four mechanisms of pathogen destruction aided by complement.4 Benefits of fever and why the body's defenses may be compromised by antipyretic drugs.5 Know the stages of fever6 Be familiar eith the neutrophil actions of margnination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst.7 What an APC does when it detects a foreign antigen; functional differences between MHC-I and MHC-II proteins; how THand TC cells respond to these MHC protein classes8 Antigen recognition, costimulation, and clonal selection of a T cell; differentiation of selected T cells into effector cells and memory cells9 How activated TCcells destroy target cells; the roles of interferons, perforin, granzymes, and tumor necrosis factor10 How an immunocompetent B cell responds when it encounters a foreign antigen; the roles of MHC-II proteins and a THcell in its response, clonal selection of activated B cell and differentiation of memory cells and plasma cells; the difference between a plasma cell and a B cell11 Know the different characteristics of IgA, IgE, IgE, igG, IgM12 The pathology of AIDS including the structure of HIV, its mode of action, effect on TH cells, and treatment approaches to HIV (AZT), and diseases that a person is more susceptible to with AIDS (Kaposi Sarcoma)
Primary transcripts produced by RNA polymerases are generally faithful copies of the DNA template. However, most final/functional forms of these RNAs vary substantially from the primary transcript.Give an instance of an RNA class.
Discuss the greatest effect on determining which mutations will go to fixation in both a large population and a small population?
Drosophilafemales homozygous for the third chromosomal genes pink-eye and ebony body were crossed with males homozygous for 2nd chromosomal gene apterous wings.
give an example of a catabolic and anabolic reaction, and write it as a chemical equation, identify where the energy is, and why that reaction is important.
Earlier in 2010, the Pacific island nation of Samoa decided to switch from driving on the right to driving on the left. Why may these cause difficulties? Why is it complicated for a cell to change codon usage, say, switching a "stop" codon to a trypt..
You have three dice, one red, one green, and one blue? Determine when all three dice are rolled at the same time, calculate the probability of the following outcomes.
Madagascar, Indonesia and the Amazon basin have some of the greatest numbers of different species concentrated in a single area. What kinds of environments do you think encourage greater biodiversity.
Determine what would be the probable outcome if mRNA molecules coding for human red blood cell antigen A were inserted into two solutions.
Determine the ultimate effect in an XY human with its SRY gene mutated, many mating were made among all-white cats. The progent from these mating showed the following phenotypic frequency,
Red flowers are dominant over white flowers. The flower color gene is represented with R/r. Large leafs are dominant over small leaves. The leaf size gene is represented L/l.
An eighty nine year old woman has a long history of systolic heart failure that resulted in a large left ventricular infarct when she was in her 70s.
At 4.00 rm L, an expandable vessel contains 0.864 rm mol of oxygen gas. How numerous liters of oxygen gas should be added at constant temperature and pressure if you require a total of 1.96 mol of oxygen gas in the vessel.
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