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Human populations originally descended from Africa. From there, several expansions into new habitats and environments resulted in cultural and genetic adaptation. One of these adaptations involved the low-oxygen habitats that occur at high altitude. Residents of the Tibetan Plateau live above 4000m with oxygen concentrations that are nearly half of that experienced by human populations at sea level. Low oxygen levels can result in oxygen deprivation that hampers physical performance and reduces newborn survival rates.Tibetans who have long heritage on the plateau possess physiological differences from those who live at sea level. Many of these features involve the ability of their blood cells to use oxygen more efficiently at such low air pressure. It's been hypothesized that these features are unique adaptations to their challenging habitat.Yi et al. 2010 investigated the entire genome of Tibetan populations. They sampled 50 unrelated individuals and identified several genes that are involved in avoiding "hypoxia" (widespread deprivation of oxygen). Then, they compared the DNA sequences in Tibetan individuals to 40 individuals from China and 200 individuals from Denmark (Fig. 2). Based on these comparisons, they identified Tibet-specific alleles for the EPASItranscription factor gene, several genes associated with making different forms of hemoglobin and a gene,DISC1, associated with schizophrenia induced by low oxygen during pregnancy.--To look for evidence of adaptation in Tibetan populations at the EPASI locus, they looked at an additional 366 individuals from different regions in Tibet. They hypothesized that individuals that had two copies of the Tibet-specific allele (E') would be more common than any other genotype since the gene is involved in avoiding hypoxia. Indeed, they found that the E' allele (Tibet-specific), was at higher frequency in Tibet than either China or Denmark. They also found that the E'E' genotype was much more common in Tibetan populations.
If a single nucleotide is important in coping with hypoxia, in which codon position might you expect to find nucleotide differences? Why?
I just do not understand because I thought the 3rd codon position was best to not mess up the genetic code but then natural selection to pass down heritably is better in position 1 or 2 codon.
Suppose that you start with neutral lysosomes, how many protons must be transported into each to lower the pH to 5.0 and compute the final pH of a solution made
Which type(s) of progeny will be produced when ovules from a green four o'clock plant are fertilized with pollen from a variegated plant.
explain some of the bioethical concerns related to screening for genetic diseases.
Describe the structure of atp and gtp. Describe how atp is produced during chemiosmosis. Illustrate two specific cellular processes that require atp and explain how atp is used in each process.
Einstein once predicted that a sugar molecule glucose had a length of 1 nm. If glucose has a hexagonal structure, draw a picture of the 24 atoms in glucose.
Mary is in an automobile accident and injures her spinal cord. She has lost feeling in her right hand and her doctor tells her it is the result of swelling compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is possible to be compressed.
Provide a brief description of the experiment about cloning a portion of the bacteriophage Lambda genome into a plasmid using previously published works and cite them.
Chose to do an informational interview, start thinking of your topic and interview questions now. See the course project description for more information on this project component.
The sickle cell allele remains quite high populations of those with African Ancestry, and worldwide distribution of the sickle cell gene matches very closely to the worldwide distribution of Malaria.
Pneumonia is diagnosed by a presence of fluid (dark shadows in an X-ray image) in the alveoli. Given that pneumonia generally is caused by a microorganism, what causes the fluid accumulation? Name a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, a protozoan, and a he..
In the case of a locus with two alleles, P is the frequency of AA, H is the frequency of Aa, and Q is the frequency of aa. As with gene frequencies, genotype frequencies must sum to 1.
Explain the nonspecific antimicrobial effects of mucus, lysozyme, and low pH. For each of these substances, list where they are found in the body and how they function in fighting pathogens.
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