UDP (User Datagram Protocol), OSI 7-Layer Network Architecture Assignment Help

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UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP -- like its cousin the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) -- sits directly on top of the base Internet Protocol (IP). In common, UDP implements a fairly "lightweight" layer above the Internet Protocol. It seems at 1st site that similar service is provided by both UDP and IP, namely transfer of data. However we need UDP for multiplexing/demultiplexing of addresses.

UDP's main purpose is to abstract network traffic in the form of datagrams. A datagram comprises one single "unit" of binary data; the first eight (8) bytes of a datagram contain the header information and the remaining bytes contain the data itself.

UDP Headers

The UDP header consists of four fields of 2 bytes each: 

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  • source port number
  • destination port number
  • datagram size
  • checksum

UDP port numbers allow diverse applications to maintain their own "channels" for data; equally  UDP  and  TCP  use  this mechanism  to  support  several  applications  sending  and receiving data concurrently. The sending application (that might be a client or a server) sends UDP datagrams through the source or sender's port, and the recipient of the packet accepts this datagram through the destination port . Some applications use static port numbers that are reserved for or registered to the application. Other applications use dynamic (or unregistered) port numbers. As, the UDP port headers are 2 bytes long, valid port numbers range from 0 to 65535 by convention, values above 49151 stand for dynamic ports.

The datagram size is a easy count of the number of bytes limited in the header and data sections . since the header length is a fixed size, this field basically refers to the length of the variable-sized data portion (occasionally called the payload). The utmost size of a datagram varies depending on the operating environment. With a 2-byte size field, the theoretical maximum size is 65535 bytes. On the other hand, some implementations of UDP limits the datagram to a smaller number -- sometimes as short as 8192 bytes.

UDP checksums work as a security feature. The checksum value represents an encoding of the datagram data that is calculated 1st by the sender and afterward by the receiver. Should an individual datagram be tampered with (due to a hacker) or get corrupted during transmission (due to line noise) the calculations of the sender and receiver will not match, and the UDP protocol will identify this error. The algorithm is not fool-proof, however it is effective in many cases. In UDP, check summing is optional -- turning it off squeezes a little extra performance from the scheme -- as opposed to TCP where checksums are mandatory. It must be remembered  that check summing is optional only for the sender not for the receiver. If the sender has used checksum then it is mandatory for the receiver to do so.

Usage of the Checksum in UDP is not obligatory. In case the sender does not use it, it sets the checksum field to all zeros. Now if the sender calclulates the checksum then the recipient have to also compute the checksum an set the field accordingly. Now,If the checksum is calculated and turns out to be all one's then the sender sends all one's instead of all zero's. This is because in the algorithm for checksum computation used by UDP, a checksum of all one's if equivalent to a checksum of all zero's. Now the checksum field is clear-cut for the recipient, if it is all zero's then checksum has not been used, in a few other case the checksum has to be computed.

 

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