Monohydric Alcohols, Preparation of Monohydric Alcohols, Assignment Help

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Monohydric alcohols

         These are compound containing one hydroxyl group. Their general method is CnH2n+2O

         (1) Preparation: (i) From alkyl halide

            873_monohydric alcohol.png

  •        1° alkyl halide gives good yield of alcohols.
  •        2° alkyl halide gives mixture of alcohol and alkene.
  •        3° alkyl halide gives alkenes due to dehydrohalogenation.

         353_monohydric alcohol1.png

         (ii) From alkenes : (a) Hydration

         Direct process : 

922_monohydric alcoho2.png

         Indirect process :

81_monohydric alcohol3.png

            

         (b) Oxymercuration-demercuration

267_monohydric alcohol4.png

         This reaction is very fast and produces the alcohol in high yield. The alcohol gets corresponds to Markownikoff's addition of water to alkene.

         (c) Hydroboration oxidation (HBO) : (Antimarkownikoff's orientation)

852_monohydric alcohol5.png

 (iii) By declination of carbonyl compounds

1298_monohydric alcohol6.png

         LiAlH4 also declines epoxides into alcohol :

1388_monohydric alcohol7.png

         Hydride selectively hits the less alkylated carbon of the epoxide.

139_monohydric alcohol8.png

         (iv) By reduction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives

         1029_monohydric alcohol9.png

         (v) By alkaline hydrolysis of ester

1016_monohydric alcohol10.png

         (vi) From primary amines

            1228_monohydric alcohol11.png        

  • It is not a good method of preparation of alcohols because number of by product are formed like alkyl chloride alkenes and ethers.

         (vii) From Grignard reagent

         (a) With oxygen :

            2328_monohydric alcohol12.png

         (b) With ethylene oxide :

2105_monohydric alcohol13.png

         (c) With carbonyl compounds :

1969_monohydric alcohol14.png

  •          If R' = H, product will be 1°alcohol.
  •          If R' = R, product will be 2°alcohol.
  •          If carbonyl compound is a ketone, product will be 3° alcohol.
  •          It is the best method for preparation of alcohol because we can prepare every type of alcohols.

 

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