Hydrocarbon
Ball and stick model of the methane molecule, CH4. This formula is for methane and is part of a homologous series termed as the alkanes, which comprises of single bonds only.
In the study organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon entirely. Those Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, known as hydrocarbyls. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons.
The majorly the hydrocarbons are found naturally in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter gives an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains.
Types of hydrocarbons
The below stated are the classifications for hydrocarbons defined by IUPAC nomenclature of the organic chemistry:
- The Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species and are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. The common formula for saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2 (assuming non-cyclic structures). The saturated hydrocarbons are basis of the petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species. The Hydrocarbons having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called asw structural isomers. As in the example of 3-methylhexane and its higher homologues, hydrocarbons having branches can be chiral. The Chiral saturated hydrocarbons constitute of the side chains of biomolecules like chlorophyll and tocopherol.
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds among carbon atoms. Those having double bond are called as alkenes. Those having one double bond have the formula CnH2n (supposing non-cyclic structures). Those having triple bonds are called as alkynes, with general formula CnH2n-2.
- Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached. The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon containing one ring is CnH2n.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons, also called as arenes, are hydrocarbons that have at least one aromatic ring.
Hydrocarbons can be gases (for example methane and propane), liquids (for example hexane and benzene), waxes or low melting solids (for example paraffin wax and naphthalene) or polymers (for example polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene).
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